**4. Interstitial Disease Patterns: CARDS**

The two main phenotypes of pulmonary complications in patients with COVID-19 are acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) related to COVID-19 (CARDS), and post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF) [2,14]. The underlying interstitial patterns are described in Table 1.


**Table 1.** Different aspects of the two phenotypes of COVID-19-associated lung fibrosis.

ARDS = Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, CARDS = COVID-19-related ARDS, CRP = C-reactive protein, CT = computed tomography, IFN-γ = interferon gamma, IL-1β = Interleukin-1 beta, MCP-3 = monocyte chemoattractant protein 3, mHLA-DR = monocytic human leukocyte antigen-DR, NETS = neutrophil extracellular traps, PCPF = post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β = Tumor Growth Factor beta, VILI = mechanical ventilation-induced lung injury. Frequency of occurrence: + (rare), ++ (associated), +++ (frequent). Table modified from Ref [2].
