(c) Indirect Effect of CsA in Cardiovascular Complications of COVID?

CypA might be interesting for the understanding and possibly treatment of cardiovascular morbidity in COVID-19. CypA is also a growth factor for vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) under oxidative stress [45] and in this way plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. Whether this mechanism is relevant in COVID-19, and whether CsA could play a protective role in this context, is currently unknown. Nevertheless, it would be interesting to investigate CypA as a biomarker in cardiovascular complications of COVID-19. Alternatively, it might explain the elevated risk of COVID-19 patients for cardiovascular comorbidity, since these patients have elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce secretion of CypA from VSMC.
