*3.1. Review of the Implementation of Enhance Control and Emission-Reduction Measures during the Military Parade*

In Beijing, including industrial enterprises, coal-fired boilers or construction, and other aspects of enhanced emission-reduction measures were taken. With regard to the industrial source, measures should be taken to suspend or limit the production of workshops and processes that emitted air pollutants in petrochemical, building materials, industrial painting, printing, furniture, and other industries. For the aerial dust source, there were two ways to go. On the one hand, earthwork, road milling, structural demolition, construction waste and residue transportation, painting, and other construction operations were stopped. On the other hand, construction waste and heavy vehicles such as muck trucks and gravel trucks were banned from driving on the road. In terms of the moving source, in addition to public transport, ambulance, fire, sanitation, law enforcement, "green channel", and other urban operation support vehicles or pure electric buses, odd–even motor vehicles in all regions were implemented; 30% of motor vehicles of the party and government organs at all levels, municipal social organizations, public institutions, and state-owned enterprises would be suspended from driving on account of odd–even license plates, and 80% of official vehicles would be suspended from driving. Moreover, construction waste and muck carriers, concrete tankers, sand and stone carriers, hazardous chemical carriers, and other vehicles were prohibited from driving on Beijing municipal roads all day long, and freight vehicles, low-speed trucks, and tractors were prohibited from driving on roads within the Sixth Ring Road from 06:00 to 24:00 h every day.

In terms of road transportation, measures such as odd–even license plate restrictions and suspension of official vehicles were taken. In the administrative area of Beijing, from 20 August to 4 September, motor vehicles with license plates issued by Beijing and motor vehicles from other provinces, regions, and cities entering Beijing were driven in single and double numbers for one day and two days from 03:00 to 24:00 day by day. In addition, 80% of the day's motor vehicles affiliated with party and government organs at all levels, social organizations, public institutions, and state-owned enterprises of Beijing stopped driving. Motor vehicles in other provinces were prohibited from driving on roads within Beijing's Fifth Ring Road (including the Fifth Ring Road) from 07:00 to 09:00 and 17:00 to 20:00 every day. Table 1 lists the specific restrictions.

In addition, from midnight on 28 August to 24:00 on 4 September, six provinces surrounding Beijing, including Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Shandong, and Henan provinces, implemented temporary enhanced emission-reduction measures in the union to ensure air quality during the Military Parade. Specific measures were as follows.

In Tianjin, there were 285 steel, cooking, cement, glass, and other elevated pollution sources suspended, and 421 enterprises in chemical, printing, industrial painting, furniture, automobile manufacturing, automobile repair, and other industries that produced volatile organic compounds had taken measures to stop production, repairment, and limit production. In order to ensure a discharge standard, all pollutants should be reduced by at least 30 percent as a result of the discharge. To minimize elevated pollution sources and pol-

lutants from key industrial enterprises, all construction work on buildings, roads, and demolition sites; open burning and barbecuing; and fireworks and firecrackers were prohibited in urban and rural areas in Shandong. In Henan, 13 electric power, 48 carbon, 25 cement, and 297 refractory enterprises in Zhengzhou were investigated and rectified; 14 of its 29 coal-fired units were shut down in Pingdingshan; Jiaozuo imposed total coal consumption controls on 28 key coal-consuming enterprises, while Xinxiang and Sanmenxia also adopted corresponding measures. In total, 8587 heavy polluters were investigated, of which 128 enterprises were ordered to stop construction, 304 enterprises to stop production, and 112 enterprises to shut down in Shanxi. According to the climate characteristics of the summer–autumn transition period, pollutant emissions, or pollutant diffusion of the air quality of Beijing, Hebei province could be divided into key control areas—Shijiazhuang, Tangshan, Langfang, Baoding, Hengshui, Xingtai, Handan city, Dingzhou, Xinji, Qianan, Zhuozhou or Ningjin, Jing County, and Wei County—while the others are general control areas. Measures such as reducing production load, burning high-quality coal with low-sulfur, and implementing emission performance management should be taken to reduce pollutant discharge by more than 30% from elevated pollution sources in the area. During the event, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region strengthened the monitoring of motor vehicle exhaust emissions, set up 12 security checkpoints in Beijing, strengthened the inspection of vehicles entering Beijing, and required that vehicles do not meet the emission level of national III or above of the driving restriction requirements in time, and the traffic control department of public security denied all vehicles that do not meet the formalities entrance to Beijing. Hohhot, Baotou, Chifeng, the Xilin Gol League, and Ulanqab, which were close to Beijing, were also listed as key control areas. In these areas, carrying earth or muck and vehicles carrying dangerous goods were prohibited, and vehicles with yellow labels, low-speed trucks, and agricultural vehicles were restricted at different times.



After the safeguard measures for air quality in seven provinces and cities were implemented in a union, emission-reduction measures such as vehicle restrictions, enterprise suspension, production restriction, and construction site suspension were put in place, which helped Beijing's air quality remain excellent quickly. From 20 August to

3 September, compared to the air quality with no measures, the concentration of PM2.5 at 11 state-controlled air-quality-monitoring stations in Beijing dropped by an average of about 41 percent. If no safeguard measures were taken, the concentration of PM2.5 would increase by about 70 percent. The air quality of Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Inner Mongolia, and other neighboring provinces improved significantly, and the average concentration of PM2.5 in 70 cities at prefecture-level and above dropped by about 40 percent. In addition to the excellent performance of PM2.5, other pollutants also showed a significant decline under the enhanced emission-reduction measures of the city and surrounding provinces. The average concentration of SO2, NO2, and PM10 was 3.2 μg·m<sup>−</sup>3, 22.7 μg·m<sup>−</sup>3, and 25.3 μg·m<sup>−</sup>3, year-on-year declined by 46.7%, 52.1%, and 69.2%, respectively. They both reached the lowest levels in the history of monitoring; during the Military Parade on the morning of 3 September, the average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing was only 8 μg·m<sup>−</sup>3.

The proportion of pollutant emission reduction and PM2.5 concentration improvement achieved by the air quality safeguard measures was slightly higher than that achieved by the 2014 APEC air quality safeguard measures. Compared with the same period in 2014, the total emission reduction ratio of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, and volatile organic compounds in Beijing reached 36.5%, 49.9%, 50.3%, 49.0%, and 32.4%, respectively.
