4.5.1. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

SEM is an analytical technique used for the characterization of surface morphology of API and excipients microscopically, in particular, differences in crystal habits and the shape of the samples [128,129]. SEM does not convey any information in respect of the chemical structure and/or thermal behaviour of compounds, and is used with other thermal and spectroscopic methods such as DSC, TGA, and FTIR to identify incompatibilities between API and excipients [129].
