2.1.1. HPH (IDD-P®, DissoCubes®, and Nanopure®)

During the process of HPH, API-loaded suspensions are introduced into a highpressure homogeniser and forced through a narrow orifice in sudden bursts under high pressure. Owing to this, cavitation, high-shear forces, and particle collisions result in fracture of API particles. Generally, the HPH method occurs via the following steps: of (i) crude API powder is dispersed in pure solution or in a solution containing a stabiliser, (ii) a reduction of particle size occurs by high-speed shearing or homogenization under low pressure, (iii) HPH is used to achieve the target particle size and size distribution.

Based on the instrumentation and solutions used, HPH processes can be sub-divided into three patented technologies, including microfluidics for IDD-P® technology, piston gap homogenisation for DissoCubes® in aqueous media, and Nanopure® for non-aqueous media. Nonetheless, attainment of formulation optimization requires an investigation into the effect of various formulation and process parameters.
