**2. Physical Examinations**

Typical examination finding in patients with recurrent instability and OA is an increasing loss of range of motion, particularly a restriction of external rotation. Rosenberg et al. reported a mean limitation in external rotation of 18◦ with the arm at the side and

**Citation:** Coifman, I.; Brunner, U.H.; Scheibel, M. Dislocation Arthropathy of the Shoulder. *J. Clin. Med.* **2022**, *11*, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm11072019

Academic Editor: Peter Choong

Received: 3 March 2022 Accepted: 2 April 2022 Published: 4 April 2022

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**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

15◦ in 90◦ abduction in patients evaluated 15 years after open Bankart reconstruction [2]. Pelet et al. found a mean loss of external rotation of 24◦ in their retrospective 29-year follow-up study following open Bankart repair [3]. Oh et al. evaluated the association between shoulder OA and functional results as determined by the DASH score, which was significantly increased according to the severity of shoulder OA [4]. As a matter of course, severe pain and joint crepitation are commonly found in patients suffering from OA [5]. A rotator cuff examination is essential to rule out tears and insufficiencies. Particular attention should be paid to the subscapularis muscle after the anterior approach, which involves its detachment if the patient presents with pain, recurrent instability, weakness in internal rotation, and increased external rotation. An essential examination should include a lift-off test, internal rotation lag sign, modified belly press test, and belly-off sign [6].
