*2.3. Clinical Assessment*

Patients were questioned about their history of trauma (low or high energy). In addition, the absolute as well as age- and gender-modified Constant-Murley score (CS), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Assessment Form (ASES) score, Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV), Simple Shoulder Test (SST) and Activities of Daily Living requiring active External Rotation (ADLER) score were evaluated [16–21]. Abduction strength was measured using an Isobex 3.0 dynamometer (Veribor, Germany); pain was assessed using a scale of 0 to 15 points (15 = no pain; 0 = excruciating pain) and patient satisfaction (1 = unsatisfied; 2 = somewhat satisfied; 3 = satisfied; 4 = very satisfied) was also evaluated at the final follow-up examination.

Active range of motion (ROM), including anterior forward elevation, abduction, internal and external rotation, the Hornblower and external rotation lag signs (ERLS) were documented. Furthermore, ROM and CS were determined for the contralateral shoulder to assess the outcome of relative CS (i.e., the ratio of absolute CS of the affected versus contralateral shoulders).
