*2.5. Clinical Evaluation*

All patients were clinically evaluated preoperatively and at the final follow-up. A goniometer was used to assess anterior forward flexion and external rotation for the active ROM assessment. The external rotation was measured with the arm by the side of the body, whereas the internal rotation was measured by the highest vertebral spinous process reached by the patient's extended thumb. Internal rotation was scored by the following discrete assignment: 0◦ = 0, buttocks = 1, sacrum = 2, L5 = 3, L4 = 4, L3 = 5, L2 = 6, L1 = 7, Th12 = 8, Th11 = 9, Th10 = 10, Th9 = 11, Th8 = 12, Th7 = 13, Th6 = 14. The assessment included the Constant score [12].
