*2.5. Statistical Analysis*

Descriptive statistics including mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and frequency and proportion for categorical variables were calculated to characterize the study groups. The relationships between clinical outcome measures and radiographic measurements were examined graphically with scatterplots and with Pearson correlation coefficients (rho). The effect of DSA and LSA on postoperative forward elevation was examined using a mixed effects linear model to account for patients nesting within surgeon's practices. An interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine reproducibility of the radiographic measurements. A *p*-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed with Stata statistical software (StataCorp. 2017. Stata Statistical Software: Release 15. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC).

**Figure 5.** (**a**) Critical shoulder angle (CSA; green angle); (**b**) center of rotation (COI; green line).
