*Article* **Interfacial Adhesion and Mechanical Properties of Wood-Polymer Hybrid Composites Prepared by Injection Molding**

**Alexander Stadlmann 1,\*, Andreas Mautner <sup>2</sup> , Maximilian Pramreiter <sup>1</sup> , Alexander Bismarck 2,3 and Ulrich Müller <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** Birch (*Betula pendula* Roth.) and beech (*Fagus sylvatica* L.) solid wood and plywood were overmolded with polyamide 6 (PA 6) and polypropylene (PP) to investigate their mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion. In the case of PA 6, maximum tensile shear strengths values of more than 8 to 9 MPa were obtained for birch and beech, respectively. The values are comparable to bond strengths of commercial joints bonded with formaldehyde-containing amino-plastics. Perpendicular to the wood elements, bond strength values of 3 MPa was achieved for PA 6. The penetration of the polymers into the wood structure results in a non-densified interphase and subsequent plastic deformation of the wood structure beyond the interphase. These compressed areas influenced the interfacial adhesion and mechanical interlocking. SEM and XPS analysis revealed different interpenetration behavior of the polymers into the wood structure, with chemical interaction confirmed only for wood and PA 6 but not PP.

**Keywords:** interfacial bond strength; wood-polymer composites; wood-polymer interface; XPS
