**5. Conclusions**

Since its establishment, the PAMVERC Test Facility has played an important role as a key African research player in the chain of insecticide development, particularly in screening new active ingredients for mosquito control. Successful establishment of the Muleba-Kis strain in the insectary marks an important step in the colonization of a representative East African wild *Anopheles* population characterized with *kdr*-east mutation [30]. This insectary colony enables the evaluation of vector control tools under the current East African insecticide resistance challenge. This study has also demonstrated that bloodfeeding failure and low insecticide resistance in colonized mosquitoes can be overcome by out-crossing desired traits between mosquito strains followed by intermittent insecticide selection at the larval stage. It is worth mentioning that, with the interest in developing and bringing new insecticides into the market, it is crucial to quantify the fitness cost associated with resistance [93], and that although our test facility has managed to successfully create a resistant line through the described methodology with comparison to cited separate studies, further research is needed to perform a direct comparison between various selection methods and to assess the level and duration it takes to establish resistant lines in the same mosquito strain. The capacity to establish resistant mosquitoes allows for assessment of new insecticides for efficacy, cross-resistance, and the likelihood of resistance development to a novel insecticide, therefore providing an early alert to plan for an effective pre-emptive resistance managemen<sup>t</sup> program.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.A., A.W., R.A. and N.P.; data curation, S.A., R.K., F.T. and M.K.; formal analysis, S.A., A.W., B.S., F.T. and M.K.; investigation, S.A., J.S., A.W. and N.P.; methodology, S.A., J.S., J.M., B.S., R.A. and M.K.; project administration, S.A.; supervision, S.A. and A.W.; validation, J.S.; visualization, M.K.; writing—original draft, S.A.; writing—review & editing, J.S., J.M., R.K. and M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Datasets generated and analyzed are presented in a summarized way in this article. Full datasets will be made available from the corresponding author upon rational request.

**Acknowledgments:** For discussion, including some eloquent objections that sharpened our thinking, we thank Rosemary Lees. We also thanks Frank W. Mosha for his encouragemen<sup>t</sup> throughout this study and his invaluable comments. We also thank George Holliday for sharing the synergistinsecticide bioassay results by using the *Anopheles gambiae* Muleba-Kis. We also thank the KCMUCo and KCMUCo PAMVERC in particular for allowing research to be conducted using their facility and resources.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
