**5. Conclusions**

To meaningfully interpret the results from bioassays and compare results between experiments it is important to maintain maximum possible consistency by standardising or characterising experimental conditions and inputs. When testing vector control tools, the target insect is a critical input. This work developed a method to characterise the resistance phenotype of pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes used for bioefficacy testing of dual-AI ITNs. Adoption of this pragmatic ye<sup>t</sup> informative approach will help in the interpretation of data from durability monitoring studies of these new net types. The approach can be adapted to characterise mosquitoes in other research involving biological materials where characterisation will help to generate consistent data which is more readily interpreted and compared, or where insecticide-treated materials are being used experimentally.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/insects13050434/s1: I2I-SOP-004: Strain characterisation of resistant mosquitoes for monitoring bioefficacy in ITNs treated with two active ingredients (Dual-AI ITNs) [79–81].

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualisation, R.S.L. and A.S.; methodology, R.S.L. and A.S.; Investigation— R.S.L., J.S.A., S.A., E.C., C.F., J.E.G., J.H., D.I., S.R.I., W.K., N.L., H.D.M., L.A.M., S.M., C.N., R.O., N.P., H.R., G.S., J.W., D.W., S.Z. and A.S.; writing—original draft preparation—R.S.L.; writing—review and editing—R.S.L., J.S.A., S.A., E.C., C.F., J.E.G., J.H., D.I., S.R.I., W.K., N.L., H.D.M., L.A.M., S.M., C.N., R.O., N.P., H.R., G.S., J.W., D.W., S.Z. and A.S.; visualisation, R.S.L. and N.L.; funding acquisition, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, gran<sup>t</sup> number INV-004350, through Innovation to Impact (I2I) at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. S.I., D.I., J.A. were funded by the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Disclaimer:** The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services, or the U.S. Agency for International Development. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Public Health Service, or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or the U.S. Agency for International Development.
