*Article* **A Three-Pronged Approach to Studying Sublethal Insecticide Doses: Characterising Mosquito Fitness, Mosquito Biting Behaviour, and Human/Environmental Health Risks**

**Mara Moreno-Gómez 1,\*, Rubén Bueno-Marí 2,3 and Miguel. A. Miranda 4**


**Simple Summary:** Extensive research has been carried out to assess the effects of sublethal pyrethroid doses on mosquito fitness and behaviour. Although pyrethroids are mainly used as insecticides, they can also act as repellents, depending on the dosage and/or exposure time. Females and males of two laboratory-reared mosquito species (*Culex pipiens* and *Aedes albopictus*) were exposed to five treatments in the laboratory: three doses of the pyrethroid prallethrin, as well as an untreated and a negative control. Effects on mosquito fitness, mosquito biting behaviour, and human and environmental health were evaluated. Sublethal prallethrin doses were found to decrease mosquito population size, longevity, and biting rate while posing low risks to human and environmental health. Such changes in adult mosquito fitness and behaviour could reduce the ability of mosquitoes to transmit diseases and, consequently, help limit public health risks. Although these promising results sugges<sup>t</sup> sublethal insecticide doses could offer a new approach to controlling species that transmit diseases, more work is needed to identify the proper balance among regulatory requirements, contexts of usage, and human and environmental health benefits.

**Abstract:** Worldwide, pyrethroids are one of the most widely used insecticide classes. In addition to serving as personal protection products, they are also a key line of defence in integrated vector managemen<sup>t</sup> programmes. Many studies have assessed the effects of sublethal pyrethroid doses on mosquito fitness and behaviour. However, much remains unknown about the biological, physiological, demographic, and behavioural effects on individual mosquitoes or mosquito populations when exposure occurs via spatial treatments. Here, females and males of two laboratory-reared mosquito species, *Culex pipiens* and *Aedes albopictus*, were exposed to five different treatments: three doses of the pyrethroid prallethrin, as well as an untreated and a negative control. The effects of each treatment on mosquito species, sex, adult mortality, fertility, F1 population size, and biting behaviour were also evaluated. To compare knockdown and mortality among treatments, Mantel–Cox log-rank tests were used. The results showed that sublethal doses reduced mosquito survival, influencing population size in the next generation. They also provided 100% protection to human hosts and presented relatively low risks to human and environmental health. These findings emphasise the need for additional studies that assess the benefits of using sublethal doses as part of mosquito managemen<sup>t</sup>strategies.

**Keywords:** prallethrin; insecticide; spatial treatment; mosquito fitness; protection; pyrethroids; *Aedes albopictus*; *Culex pipiens*; life tables

**Citation:** Moreno-Gómez, M.; Bueno-Marí, R.; Miranda, M..A. A Three-Pronged Approach to Studying Sublethal Insecticide Doses: Characterising Mosquito Fitness, Mosquito Biting Behaviour, and Human/Environmental Health Risks. *Insects* **2021**, *12*, 546. https:// doi.org/10.3390/insects12060546

Academic Editor: Rosemary S. Lees

Received: 2 May 2021 Accepted: 7 June 2021 Published: 11 June 2021

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**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

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