*3.3. Cone Bioassays*

Exposure to the side of the PermaNet 3.0 net in a cone bioassay consistently resulted in <10% mortality for all 5 strains but exposure to the roof (containing PBO) resulted in >98% mortality (Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** Mortality following exposure to Permanent 3.0 LLINs (PN3) in cone bioassays. Mortality rates % 24 h after exposure. Minimum sample size n = 50. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals.

#### *3.4. Target Site Mutation Genotyping*

All the strains were screened for five target site mutations and one mutation in a detoxification gene (Figure 6). The 995F kdr allele was fixed in Bakaridjan and VK72014, but was present at quite low frequencies in Tiefora (allele frequency 0.06) and Banfora M (allele frequency 0.38). The *An. arabiensis* Gaoua-ara strain contained both 995F and 995S with allele frequencies of 0.49 and 0.45, respectively. The 1570Y kdr allele was detected in Bakaridjan, VK7 2014, Banfora M and Tiefora with allele frequencies of 0.04, 0.35, 0.48 and 0.04, respectively. The ace-1 mutation was absent from all strains except a very low frequency in the Tiefora strain. The RDL 296S allele was detected in Gaoua-ara, Banfora M, VK7 2014, and Tiefora with allele frequencies of 0.65, 0.22, 0.03 and 0.26, respectively; only the wildtype form of A296 was found in the *An. gambiae* Bakaridjan strain. The GSTE2 114T detox gene modification was found in Banfora M, VK7 2014 and Tiefora with allele frequencies of 0.66, 0.77 and 0.46, respectively.
