**6. Conclusions and Future Work**

This position paper argues for a novel business model for the emerging M2X Economy of multi-stakeholders that is open, decentralized, and distributed. As such, the M2X Economy encompasses the interactions between smart autonomous devices with other machines, humans and infrastructure in a cybernetic context. As an example, we correspondingly present a running case from the domain of self-driving autonomous smart vehicles to be rented by humans for transportation on roads with smart toll gates and smart traffic lights in interaction with other smart vehicles.

Important supporting concepts for the M2X Economy are lifecycle managemen<sup>t</sup> for the setup, establishment, rollout, rollback and orderly termination of business collaborations. This lifecycle manages cross-organizational process-aware collaboration establishment that is expressed in machine-readable smart contracts.

The suggested course of actions for developing the M2X Economy needs to focus on specific domains. First, since smart contracts are a promising means for managing ad-hoc P2P contractual collaboration establishment, it is important to develop smart-contract languages that have legal relevance with their representation in a machine-readable format. Important is in this context that openness and interoperability must be assured to avoid self-contained data silos and instead enable collaboration transparency for effortless conflictresolution e-governance mechanisms. Next, an M2X Economy requires the adoption of novel identity authentication for the participating entities and humans that are flexible in the adoption of application-context adjusted challenge sets. Thereby considering scalable and highly performing blockchain technology, a trusted entry into and exit from an M2X ecosystem can be assured for smart autonomous devices, machines, infrastructure and humans. Finally, an M2X Economy should have its incentive mechanisms governed by programmable, smart token sets that are developed with means of smart-contract blockchain technologies.

Exploring the solution options, we observe that smart contracts still lack legal relevance due to missing language contracts. For example, traditional contracts are based on the formulation of obligations and rights that should be part of smart contracts in a machine-readable form. To achieve openness and interoperability for an M2X Economy, the lack of standards that technology providers adhere to should be addressed. For addressing the topic of suitable identity-authentication mechanisms, we claim that the investigation of application-context dependent multi-factor challenge sets are a promising means for trusted entries and exits of humans and non-human actors into a M2X ecosystem. A novel generation of blockchains with scaling and performing consensus algorithms is essential to assure effective trust assurance by investigating novel distributed blockchain-sharding management. Finally, the need arises for establishing economic systems engineering as a scientific discipline for investigating the important domain of tokenized M2X value exchanges.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.L., P.S. and A.N.; Writing—original draft, B.L., P.S. and A.N.; Writing—review & editing, B.L., P.S. and A.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** We acknowledge financial support by Open Access Publishing Fund of Clausthal University of Technology.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not Applicable, the study does not report any data.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
