*1.3. Self-Esteem*

Self-esteem is the attitude of acceptance or rejection of oneself [23,24]; it can be global or specific [25]. Global self-esteem is the individual's positive or negative attitude toward the self as a totality [26,27]. This study measured global self-esteem, which is related to subjective wellbeing. Self-esteem is one of the factors that influences social functioning [28]. It is paramount to people's success and wellbeing [29] and plays a protective role [30] against the effects of COVID-19 and contributes to one's perceptions of their quality of life [31].

#### *1.4. Satisfaction with Life (SWL)*

Subjective wellbeing is a broad concept that includes experiencing high levels of pleasant emotions, low levels of negative emotions, and high satisfaction with life [32,33]. Therefore, subjective wellbeing is defined as a person's global cognitive and affective assessments of their life [32,34,35]. Positive affects refers to pleasant emotions such as motivation, energy, desire for affiliation, achievement, or success; negative affects refers to unpleasant or uncomfortable emotions such as fear, inhibition, insecurity, frustration, and failure [36].

This study addressed the cognitive component of subjective wellbeing, i.e., SWL. SWL is a global judgment that people make about their life based on their unique criteria [37,38].

#### *1.5. Emotional Intelligence, Resilience, Self-Esteem, and Satisfaction with Life*

Meta-analytical studies, such as those performed by Sánchez-Álvarez et al. [39] and Xu et al. [40], showed that EI was associated with subjective wellbeing. There is research that shows that EI predicts SWL [6,18,41–48].

As for self-esteem, Liu and Fu [49], Pérez-Fuentes et al. [50], and Wang and Wu [51] showed that self-esteem correlated with SWL of university students. Self-esteem has been shown to predict SWL [52–59]. Moreover, Guasp et al. [60] used regression models to find that self-esteem and EI were significant predictors of SWL. Similarly, Arslan [61] found

that self-esteem and resilience influenced SWL. Lacomba-Trejo et al. [62] showed that EI and resilience were associated with subjective wellbeing in their cognitive and affective components. As for resilience, it contributed positively to subjective wellbeing [63–65]. Salavera et al. [36] found that EI and self-esteem played an important role in wellbeing. Another study has corroborated the predictive capacity of EI and resilience for SWL [66].

#### *1.6. Comparisons between Men and Women*

Studies have shown that men generally have a better ability to manage and regulate emotions [67,68]. Mikolajczak et al. [68] showed that men scored higher on self-regulation of emotion, and women scored higher on appraisal and expression of emotion in self. D'Amico and Geraci [69] used the multi-trait and multi-method tool IE-ACCME (Intelligenza Emotiva: Abilitá, Credenze e Concetto di Sé Meta-Emotivo). This research showed that women scored higher than men on the appraisal and expression of emotion in self, suggesting a tendency in women to think and ruminate more about their own emotions, which in turn may trigger stress [41]. Ye et al. [70] found that women scored higher on selfesteem and SWL scores than men. Regarding resilience, Flórez and Sánchez [71] showed that men scored higher than women. Kumar [72] and Xie et al. [73] found that self-esteem was higher in men than in women. Finally, Gavín-Chocano et al. [8] found that men had higher scores on life satisfaction than women. Studies on sex differences in EI, resilience, self-esteem, and SWL are needed in Peru, where gender perspectives are different from Western cultures. Such studies may help develop programs to meet the needs of men and women in Peru.

The objectives of the present research were to (a) correlate EI, resilience, and selfesteem with SWL; (b) examine the differences between men and women based on the study variables; and (c) determine whether EI, resilience, and self-esteem predict SWL.
