*2.7. Adverse Effects*

No serious adverse event was reported in this study.

**Table 3.** Inflammatory, oxidative stress, and gut barrier integrity markers over time within and between groups.


hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LBP, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein. † *n* = 53 for hsCRP; *n* = 54 for LBP; *n* = 55 for zonulin. <sup>1</sup> A repeated-measures ANOVA with two factors (treatment, post-pre phase) was performed to compare changes over time (post-pre) between groups. Mean ± SD pre-intervention (at the beginning of the 12-week trial) and post-intervention (at the end of the 12-week trial). <sup>2</sup> *p*-value to compare changes over time from the baseline to 12 weeks (pre vs. post) within each group (placebo or brown seaweed extract). <sup>3</sup> *p*-value to compare change over time (pre vs. post) between groups (placebo vs. brown seaweed extract).

**Figure 2.** Glucose, insulin and C-peptide concentrations and IAUC during OGTT. - Pre-intervention (at the beginning of the 12-week trial). Post-intervention (at the end of the 12-week trial). Repeated measures ANOVA highlighting significant differences in the concentrations of glucose (**A**), C-peptide (**B**), and insulin (**C**), and in their respective IAUCs (**D**–**F**) over time between the brown seaweed and the placebo groups. A mixed model for repeated-measures ANOVA with three factors (treatment, OGTT time points, post-pre phase) (**A**–**C**) and with two factors (treatment, post-pre phase) (**D**–**F**) was performed. Incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for glucose, insulin, and C-peptide during the 2 h-OGTT was calculated from the trapezoidal rule and fasting baseline values. Values are means with standard deviations represented by vertical bars. *n* = 56 for glucose, *n* = 44 for insulin, and *n* = 56 for C-peptide.

**Figure 3.** Variations of IL-6 concentrations over time within and between groups. - Pre-intervention (at the beginning of the 12-week trial). Post-intervention (at the end of the trial). A repeatedmeasures ANOVA with two factors (treatment, post-pre phase) was performed to compare changes over time (post-pre) between groups. Values are means with standard deviations represented by vertical bars. *n* = 56.
