**5. Conclusions**

Using the observation data from TIBEX III, as well as the large-scale reanalysis data from ECMWF Interim and from NOAA, the different impacts of SASM on the landatmosphere heat exchange processes between active and break periods over different regions of TP were investigated. During the observation period (29 July to 26 August), the land-atmosphere heat transfer exhibited strong inhomogeneous distributions over the plateau regions. The daily average total heat transfer varied from 70.2 to 101.2 Wm−<sup>2</sup> over the 8 plateau stations, with the sensible heat flux ranging from 18.8 to 60.1 Wm−<sup>2</sup> and the latent heat flux with a variation between 10.1 and 74.7 Wm−2. The latent heat transfer values larger than the sensible heat transfer values over most of the plateau regions are mainly related to the strong convection that prevailed over the plateau during the observation period (Figure 3a), which caused the high moisture conditions (Figure 4a). The land-atmosphere heat transfer can be largely affected by the SASM evolution, but with strong inhomogeneity over the plateau stations. Overall, the more southerly stations received more SASM impacts. The land-atmosphere heat transfers (the total, sensible, and latent heat fluxes) are greatly weakened/strengthened during the SASM active/break period at the Namco (southeast plateau), Baingoin (central plateau), Lhari (central plateau), and Nagqu (central plateau) stations, with the sensible heat flux differences between the SASM active and break periods varying from 34.6% to 58.4% of the daily averaged values, with a range between 12.0% and 27.9% for the latent heat flux and with a variation between 19.6% and 36.0% for the total heat transfer. These significant SASM influences could be closely related to the weakened/strengthened radiation conditions [9,10,17,23,27,32]. However, the impacts of SASM during active/break periods become complicated over the other plateau stations. For example, the impact of SASM on Ali station is mainly reflected in the influence of sensible heat flux, because sensible heat flux plays a dominant role in the total heat transfer. The different phases of SASM impacts on the Amdo and Nyainrong stations were quite small or even negligible, which complicates our conclusions. Therefore, further investigations are still needed based on more observational data over a long period in the Tibetan Plateau.

**Author Contributions:** H.L.: Formal analysis, Writing—original draft. L.Z.: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. G.W.: Formal analysis, Writing—review & editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. XDA19070401), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 42030611), the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (grant No.2019QZKK0103 and 2019QZKK0105), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 91937301 and 41830968), the CAS Key Subordinate Project (KGFZD-135-16-023), the Forecaster Special Project of China Meteorological Administration (No.CMAYBY2019-155), the Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (SC-QXKJYJXMS202116), and the Opening Foundation of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (grant No.PAEKL-2020-C7).

**Data Availability Statement:** The data that support the findings of this study are available from the first author upon request (Hongyi Li, lihongyi@cma.gov.cn).

**Acknowledgments:** We appreciate the access to the ECMWF Interim and NOAA datasets. The authors appreciate all of the hard work done by researchers attending the third Tibetan Plateau (TP) Experiment (TIPEX III).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
