**5. Conclusions**

This study examined the dominant modes of variability in summer SH over the TP based on reanalysis and remote sensing data. The role of atmospheric teleconnection patterns in SH was also investigated. The main conclusions are as follows:


pattern referred to as NAENA induced an anticyclone anomaly to the west of the TP, leading to anomalous water vapor convergence (divergence) and more (less) cloud cover in the eastern (western) TP. Corresponding to the increase (decrease) in cloud cover, DSWR presented anomalous enhancement (reduction) and resulted in a zonal dipole pattern with strengthened (weakened) SH in the western (eastern) TP.

(3) Interdecadal weakening of summer SH was associated with the interdecadal variation of DSWR induced by the enhancement of cloud cover. The decadal change in cloud cover over the TP was mainly due to the variation of water vapor transport as a result of the decadal phase shift of SRP. An anticyclone circulation to the northeast of the TP associated with SRP led to enhanced water vapor supply and convergence of the TP, which resulted in an increase in cloud cover and a reduction in DSWR, contributing to the interdecadal decrease in SH over the TP.

By investigating the relationship between large-scale circulation and the TP thermodynamic forcing, this study is crucial for us to understand the land-atmosphere interaction and its climatic effects of the TP.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https: //www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/rs14040956/s1, Figure S1: The first two EOFs of summer SH over the TP for the period 2001–2018 derived from ERA-Interim (a,d) and remote sensing data (b,e). Normalized time series of PC1 (c) and PC2 (f) derived from ERA-Interim (black line) and remote sensing data (red line).

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.H.; methodology, W.F. and C.H.; software, W.F.; investigation, W.F. and Z.H.; writing—original draft preparation, W.F., X.H., Y.Y. and H.Y.; writing—review and editing, W.F., Z.H., W.M., Y.M., C.H., D.W. and C.F. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (grant no. 2019QZKK0103), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 91837208, 41830650), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. XDA20060101) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2018YFC1505701).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The ERA-Interim reanalysis from the ECMWF used in this study can be accessed online (https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/ (accessed on 1 January 2022)). The NCEP/NCAR reanalysis used in this study can be accessed at https: //psl.noaa.gov/data/reanalysis/reanalysis.shtml (accessed on 1 January 2022). The CRU dataset can be accessed at https://data.ceda.ac.uk/ (accessed on 5 January 2022).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
