*2.3. The Impact of Green Intellectual Capital on Corporate Development*

Various authors have analyzed the contributions of intangible resources to the development of corporate effectiveness, including environmental performance. Asiaei and Jusoh analyzed the contribution of intellectual capital toward improving company performance in Tehran. Their research results demonstrated that three of the capital forms, i.e., human, structural, and relational capital, occupied central roles in improving company performance [65].

Chen, in his research conducted on a group of enterprises located in Taiwan, showed that all three forms of GIC have powerful impacts on their competitiveness [7]. In turn, Yadiati et al. focused on investigating the contribution of GIC and company reputations to the development of corporate environmental performance. They determined that strengthening all three forms of GIC increased the environmental effectiveness of enterprises [4].

Moreover, Yusliza et al., in their research carried out in Malesia, demonstrated that green intellectual capital had a positive impact on both economic performance and environmental and social results [24]. Sidik et al. arrived at similar conclusions when studying manufacturing enterprises in Indonesia. Their research confirmed the positive and profound impacts of GIC on the improvements of both corporate environmental performance and competitive advantage [66].

On the other hand, Yong et al. drew attention to the value of environmental practical placement in the area of human resource management. The authors argued that said practices might help organizations adjust their business strategies to environmental requirements [8]. Malik et al. likewise emphasized that green human resources management and green intellectual capital are major elements of sustainable business development [27].

Chen and Chang conducted a study amongst Taiwanese manufacturing companies. Their study findings showed that environmental ethics had a positive impact on the development of green relations and green innovation capability. Moreover, it was established that green human capital is involved in the development of positive relations amongcorporate environmental ethics, green relations, and green innovation performance [1]. Whereas

Lin and Chen reported that green knowledge sharing and green service innovations were related to green competitive advantages [67].

The study of Greek companies conducted by Papadas et al. asserted the role of green marketing in the development of permanent competitive advantages [68]. Moreover, a study conducted in Indonesia, involvinga group of companies listed on a stock exchange, showed that even though GIC had a positive impact on financial performance, its effect was minor [69].

To confirm or deny the findings of the analysis of the source literature, the author undertook a research study onthe relationships betweenGIC and corporate environmental development, in attempt to assess the contributions of individual practices focused on creating green intellectual capital, from the point of view of the potential to develop sustainable organizations. The author of the study considers sustainable development an environmental achievement.
