*2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment*

Data were independently extracted by two reviewers (W.Y. and F.H.) and crosschecked, and controversial issues were discussed based on the original text to determine the final outcome. The extracted information included study characteristics (author name, publication time, country, study type), participant characteristics (environment, age, gender, sample), measurement information (outcome measures, outcome indicators, outcome), etc.

The two reviewers (M.K. and F.H.) independently assessed the quality of each included article using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) quality appraisal checklists for crosssectional, case–control, cohort studies, quasi-experimental and randomized control trials [24] (Supplementary Materials). If there were disagreements, we discussed these together until consensus was reached. The critical evaluation checklist for various research methods has 8 to 13 items, and positive responses were rated as "yes". We identified studies with an overall positive response between 50% and 75% as studies with moderate quality, and studies with a positive response over 75% were considered to be of high quality.
