*2.2. P-Sample*

The Q-methodology is a method of measuring subjective opinions within an individual. Most importantly, there is no limit to the number of P-Samples because "inter-individual difference in significance" is the core of the study rather than the "inter-individual difference" of the study respondents. This is because the characteristics of the population are not inferred from the characteristics of the P-Sample [31]. The number of P-Samples should be fewer than the number of items in the Q-Sample for statistical reasons [32]. B-

middle School in a metropolitan city, South Korea, was selected as a research environment. B-middle School has been running "0th-period PE class" for more than 10 years since 2012. Among them, parents who could provide sufficient data on the "0th-period PE class" were recommended by the teacher in charge of the class. Prior to the start of the study, consent for participation in the study was received from the principal of B school and the physical education teacher. Lastly, 20 parents of students who participated in the "0th-period PE class" for more than one year were selected as P-Samples [22]. The detailed characteristics of P-Samples are as follows in Table 2.


**Table 2.** Summary of characteristics for P-Sample and factor weight.
