*2.1. Physical Fitness*

The IPPTP-R is an effective and validated physical fitness assessment tool developed to be conducted in practical settings [28]. It is based on the approach of Bös and Mechling [29] and the German Motor-Test 6–18 [30]. It contains eight test items representing the five main dimensions of physical fitness endurance, strength, speed, coordination, and flexibility. Additionally, constitutional data including height, weight, and BMI were collected, and children's age and sex, as well as test date and other characteristics of data collection were recorded. Table 1 shows the different test items. The detailed and precise description of the test items can be found in the existing manuals [28,30].
