**2. Methods**

The Q-methodology was developed by William Stephenson in 1953 [22]. It is a suitable technique to recognize the "subjectivity" perceived by humans. Particularly, it is suitable for questions about personal experiences, preferences, values, and beliefs about the research topic [23]. In addition, unlike the R-methodology, the Q-methodology is an operant methodology that represents perceptions in the study subjects' own thoughts and languages, not in the researcher's operational definition [24]. For this reason, it is used in different academic fields such as psychology, nursing, and pedagogy [25]. The advantage of the Q method over other forms of discourse analysis is that since everyone responds to the same set of Q statements, researchers can directly compare participants' responses in a consistent manner. This is usually distinct from other types of qualitative discourse analysis. Hence, it could be an appropriate way to explore how Korean parents perceive their children's physical activities during the 0th period in South Korea.
