*2.1. Q–Population (Concourse of Statements) and Q-Sample*

Q-population, called concourse, is the raw material of the Q-Sample. The Q-population can be constructed using a variety of methods, including focus group interviews, individual in-depth interviews, and literature reviews [26]. Therefore, in this study, Q-population was created through two aspects. First, a focus group interview (FGI) was conducted for a group that included parents with a lot of information about their children's "0th-period PE class", physical education (PE) teachers with experience in the class, and professors majoring in sports pedagogy [27]. Second, various documents that can indirectly understand parents' perceptions of the "0th-period PE class" were analyzed [28]. Through the above method process, 42 Q-populations were finally secured. Next, 42 statements (the "concourse") were reinterpreted and reclassified.

In the Q-methodology, the more Q-Samples, the less reliable they tend to be, and if a complex thinking process on the research topic is needed, it is necessary to adopt fewer than 30 [29]. Finally, 25 Q-Samples were confirmed. In addition, Q-sorting was conducted twice for 5 research participants. The test results were found to be r = 0.72, and reliability was secured [30]. The final Q-Sample is presented in Table 1.


