*2.1. Materials*

In this study, the following materials (provided from Sigma-Aldrich) were used: polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat-sheet membrane HVHP (Millipore, nominal pore size: 0.45 µm, porosity: 75%), titanium (IV) isopropoxide (TTIP) (98%) as TiO<sup>2</sup> precursor, 2,4-pentanedione, acetylacetone, Milli-Q Water, perchloric acid (70%), 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorododecyltrichlorosilane (FTCS), potassium nitrate, potassium iodide, absolute ethanol, and toluene.
