*3.1. Testing Research Hypothesis 1*

Figure 7 shows pictures of the actual PBL and flat classroom used by our students when they completed the scale of transactional distance survey.

**Figure 7.** Pictures of Flat and PBL classrooms used in this research.

The results of analyzing that data with an independent-samples *t*-test are given in Table 4. Levene's Test for Equality of Variances was not rejected for any of the engagement factors or SATISFACTION, so the significance levels for the tests are drawn from the "Equal variances assumed" rows of the table. The results of the *t*-test for equality of means support H10, indicating that there was no reason to believe that there were any statistically significant differences in student engagement (transactional distances) or SATISFACTION between the PBL and the flat classroom.


**Table 4.** Independent-samples *t*-test for PBL vs. flat classroom.
