**Notes**


<sup>24</sup> For descriptions of the traditional view see: (Afsaruddin 2013). (Firestone 1999; Bonner 2008). For criticism of this view as well as that of abrogation: Afsaruddin, "Islam and Violence," 154–59; (Afsaruddin 2010; Dagli 1809); Firestone, *Jihad*, 49–51; (Haleem 1999; Musa 2012; Sachedina 1990). For a synchronic treatment of the relevant verses on the use of force: Firestone, *Jihad*, 67–91.


<sup>28</sup> Also 2:109; 16:110, 126–27; 25:75; 29:59; 33:48; 39:10; 47:31.

