*4.2. Other Toxic Effects*

The inhaled MPs can also have negative effects on other systems of the body, such as diffusion or translocation. In vivo experiments have confirmed that microplastic particles can enter the circulatory system through the migration of macrophages after inhalation [68]. MPs in the circulation system may cause inflammation, vascular occlusion [85], and other

blood toxicity [86]. In vitro experiments showed that polystyrene nanoparticles cause red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, while polypropylene particles increase hemolysis [87]. Inhaled MPs may enter the gastrointestinal tract by clearing upper respiratory tract cilia [53]. MPs entering the digestive system may alter the permeability of intestinal epithelial cells and cause changes in microbial composition [88]. Recent reports have found that after maternal lung exposure to NPs, the plastics can enter the placenta and the fetus through translocation and ge<sup>t</sup> deposited in the fetal liver, kidney, nervous system, and circulatory system. [21]. There is little research on the toxic effects of atmospheric MPs on systems other than the respiratory system, and more research must be done to explore their effects on animals and humans.
