*Article* **Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management**

**Shaik Vaseem Akram 1, Rajesh Singh 1, Mohammed A. AlZain 2,\*, Anita Gehlot 1, Mamoon Rashid 3,\*, Osama S. Faragallah 2, Walid El-Shafai 4 and Deepak Prashar 3**


**Abstract:** Long-range radio (LoRa) communication is a widespread communication protocol that offers long range transmission and low data rates with minimum power consumption. In the context of solid waste management, only a low amount of data needs to be sent to the remote server. With this advantage, we proposed architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway based on LoRa technology for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption. We evaluated the energy consumption of the proposed architecture by simulating it on the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) simulation by varying distinct fundamental parameters of LoRa communication. This paper also provides the distinct evaluation metrics of the the long-range data rate, time on-air (ToA), LoRa sensitivity, link budget, and battery life of sensor node. Finally, the paper concludes with a real-time experimental setup, where we can receive the sensor data on the cloud server with a customized sensor node and gateway.

**Keywords:** cloud server; customized sensor node; customized gateway; FLoRa simulation; LoRa range radio; solid waste managemen<sup>t</sup>
