3.4.9. Water Activity

Measurements of water activity of the emulsions were conducted using water diffusion and activity analyzer ADA-7 (COBRABID, Poznan, Poland). The system is equipped with automatic time recording of water evacuation runs from individual samples. Detailed characteristics of the experimental method are specifically described in [64]. The emulsion samples were placed in the measuring vessels. The volume of the sample was 2 mL. The temperature during measurements was stabilized at 20.0 ◦C ± 0.1 ◦C using Peltier modules. The chamber was dried to the water activity of 0.05. The duration of one measurement was set to 1400 s.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, W.S., M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski) and A.P.-S.; methodology, W.S., F.F., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); software, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); validation, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., Y.G., M.J. (Małgorzata Jarz˛ebska), D.D.K., P.Ł.K., H.M.B., J.S., A.S., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); formal analysis, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., Y.G., M.J. (Małgorzata Jarz˛ebska), D.D.K., P.Ł.K., H.M.B., J.S., A.S., A.P.-S. and M.J.(Maciej Jarz˛ebski); investigation, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., H.M.B., J.S., A.S., M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski) and A.P.-S.; resources, W.S., P.S. and P.Ł.K.; data curation, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., Y.G., M.J. (Małgorzata Jarz˛ebska), D.D.K., P.Ł.K., H.M.B., J.S., A.S., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); writing, W.S., P.S., F.F., Ł.M., Y.G., M.J. (Małgorzata Jarz˛ebska), D.D.K., P.Ł.K., H.M.B., J.S., A.S., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); visualization, W.S., P.S., Ł.M., A.P.-S. and M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski); supervision, M.J. (Maciej Jarz˛ebski), W.S. and A.P.-S.; funding acquisition, P.S., P.Ł.K. and A.P.-S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors would like to acknowledge funding support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada's Discovery Grant Programme (Grant No. RGPIN-2018- 04735 to Anubhav Pratap-Singh).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** All collected data were presented in the manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

**Sample Availability:** Samples of HSO are commercially available; samples of AHE and the HSO nanoemulsion might be prepared upon request to the corresponding author.
