*3.3. Color Measurements*

The color of the crumb was measured using a Chroma Meter CR-410 (Konica Minolta Sensing Inc., Tokyo, Japan) [84]. Differences in color were recorded in CIE L\*a\*b\* scale in terms of lightness (L\*) and color (a\*—redness; b\*—yellowness). Color measurement was repeated 15 times for each sample. Additionally, the total color difference (∆*E*) was calculated using the following formula:

$$
\Delta E = \sqrt{\Delta L^{\*2} + \Delta a^{\*2} + \Delta b^{\*2}}
$$
