2.3.4. X-ray Diffraction Test

The X-ray diffraction analysis of the synthesized bio-composites was performed using a Rigaku, Tokyo, Japanese-made X-ray diffractometer, where scattering speed was 0.02(θ) s−<sup>1</sup> ranging 5 to 60◦ (2θ) angles maintaining 40 kV voltage and 35 mA current, to determine the crystallographic structure.

#### 2.3.5. Thermal Analysis

An SDT 650 TA-Instrument was employed to analyze the TGA of the synthesized bio-composites at a heating rate of 5 ◦C and weighing 10–25 mg, from room temperature to 500 ◦C temperature. TGA was performed in a nitrogen environment, with the lid kept hermetically sealed.

#### 2.3.6. Antimicrobial Test

The evaluation of the antimicrobial properties of the developed bio-composite samples was performed using the ASTM-E2149-01 standard. Here, the evaluation of microbial growth and the resistivity of the non-leaching antimicrobial-treated specimens was performed under dynamic conditions. The microbiology department of Dhaka University supplied the necessary microbial for the experiments. The Kirby–Bauer disk-diffusion method was used to examine the antimicrobial performance of the synthesized bio-composites. *Staphylococcus aureus* was the bacteria cell subjected to the microbial test. The bacterial cell and sample concentrations were 1000 CFU/mL and 200 mg/mL, respectively, and the disc size was 6 mm × 6 mm.
