*Editorial* **The Effects of LED Light Spectra and Intensities on Plant Growth**

**Valeria Cavallaro 1,\* and Rosario Muleo 2,\***


Light is an electromagnetic radiation that occurs in a narrow range of over an extremely wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays with wavelengths to radio waves measured in meters. Light detected by human eyes and plant photoreceptors is a group of wavelengths from about 700 nanometers (nm) for red light down to about 400 nm for violet light: the visible light. However, even the wavelengths form the spectral regions adjacent to the visible ones are referred to as light also, infrared at the red-light and ultraviolet at the violet light end.

We know that light is the source of energy for the primary sustenance process of life on our earth planet: the photosynthesis which is life's adopted strategy for capturing and incorporating energy, and under this context in which light is primarily experienced, explored and exploited. However, anyone knows that light is necessary to the aesthetic appreciation of the visual world, and through the sense of sight, light is a primary tool for perceiving the world and communicating within it. Plants also perceive information from the ambient and communicate with other organism using the light and have developed a plethora of photoreceptors that permit the communication with the surrounding ambient.

The physical properties of light as spectral quality, irradiance, intensity, and photoperiod play a deep role on the morphogenesis, growth, and metabolism of many biochemical pathways in plants.

Nowadays, Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) have been demonstrated to offer interesting prospects for use in plant lighting designs in controlled environment agriculture (greenhouses) and growth chambers for in vitro cultures. As compared to the previously used light sources, LEDs possess advantages such as wavelength specificity, less heat radiation, longest durability, much lower power consumption, and the possibility to manipulate the spectral qualities of the emitted light.

In high-technology greenhouses (for instance vertical agriculture) artificial light may assume both assimilative and control function. In the first case, light provides the opportunity to optimize photosynthetic efficiency under low (high latitudes) or short day (winter months) solar radiation, enhancing or accelerating the efficiency of plant production. The control activity of light, on the other hand, has the function of guiding growth and development e.g., by promoting changes in the morphology of the plant (e.g., elongation of the stem, branching), or the internal rhythms as the transition from one stage of development to the next (e.g., from vegetative to reproductive), or the synthesis and accumulation of plant metabolites to adapt the plant to adverse environmental conditions, increasing plant fitness, and the nutraceutical properties of the products.

In vitro culture is regulated by different factors, and among them light is the most important. LED illumination system for in vitro cultures should provide light in the spectral region that is involved in photosynthesis and photomorphogenic responses without wasting energy on non-productive wavelengths. The combined effects of light and growth regulators or other components of the culture media is another important issue. Even on

**Citation:** Cavallaro, V.; Muleo, R. The Effects of LED Light Spectra and Intensities on Plant Growth. *Plants* **2022**, *11*, 1911. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/plants11151911

Received: 27 June 2022 Accepted: 18 July 2022 Published: 23 July 2022

**Publisher's Note:** MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

**Copyright:** © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

in vitro cultures, LED light may regulate gene expression and physiological behaviour that in turn influences metabolite production.

In this special issue, many of the light concerns had been addressed. Very briefly, the effects on biomass production and photosynthetic efficiency of different light spectra (induced by LEDs) have been reported on *Lactuca sativa* L. [1], *Cucumis sativus* seedlings [2], *Ocimum basilicum* L. [3], two microgreens (*Amaranthus tricolor* L. and *Brassica rapa* L. subsp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg) [4], *Glycine max* (L.) Merr.) [5] and *Medicago Sativa* L. seedlings [6]. The influence of light intensity on *Lactuca sativa* and *Brassica rapa* var. *nipposinica* in vertical farms [7] and of daytime or edge-of-daytime intra-canopy illumination on the fruit set of *Capsicum annuum* [8] were also studied.

Two papers covered the topic of new technologies (LED-Sourced CoeLux®System) [9] and of a new (IoT-Enabled) systems to control light [10].

Interestingly, one article concerned the interactions between light quality and plant pathogens [11]. Two articles regarded some important physiological traits regulation by light, and in particular the effects of supplemental lighting spectra given to widen photoperiod on *Solanum lycopersicum* L. [12] and/or night interrupting on *Chrysanthemum* [13].

The effects of lighting on the production of secondary metabolites in confined environment and in vitro is attracting a growing attention by the researchers. In this special issue, seven articles deal with the influence of LED lighting on important aromatic components in *Mentha canadensis* L. [14], in *Thymus vulgaris* L. [15], and on some nutraceutical and pharmacological components of *Scutellaria baicalensis* [16], *Triticum aestivum* L., *Hordeum vulgare* sprouts [17], *Fritillaria cirrhosa* D. Don, [18], different in vitro cultures [19] and two microgreens [4].

One paper concerned the effects of adding Silicon-Containing Fertilizer [20] on light stress. Finally, a complete review concerning Light and Plant Growth Regulators on in vitro proliferation have been presented [21].

Even if lighting conditions represent an important tool to enhance plant productivity in confined environment, and many issues need still to be explored in this view, this special issue represents an overview of some of the most internationally studied topics.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
