*2.1. Data Sources*

#### 2.1.1. Fast-Food Categories and Products

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of all food and beverage products available for sale at fast-food chains in NZ in 2020 [20]. All chains with ≥20 stores nationwide were selected (n = 27). Of these, twenty-two chains provided nutrition information for some or all products. Eleven chains were international chains and eleven were national chains. The following data were collected by trained fieldworkers between February and March

in 2020, the year used for the current analysis: product name, serving and/or pack size, and nutrient information. Data were recorded directly from company websites. Visits to one large store representing each fast-food chain were also completed to capture any additional information not available on-line e.g., that on menu boards. Stores selected for visits were in Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, and chosen based on size and location to reflect the largest product range possible. It is not mandatory for nutrition information to be available or displayed under the Australian and NZ Food Standards Code [17], and thus serving size and nutrient data were missing for some products.
