2.3.2. Biochemical Variables

Vitamin D, plasma calcium, and bone turnover markers were recorded as follows:

	- - Beta-Crosslap: This is a marker of bone resorption. The measurement range was 0.010–6.00 ng/mL with a functional sensitivity of 0.07 ng/mL. Normal values are different depending on the stage of life. In the case of a postmenopausal woman, the reference value is 0.556–1.008 ng/mL;
	- - P1NP: This bone formation marker is called the amino-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen. The measurement range was 5–1200 μg/L. The reference value in a postmenopausal woman is <76.3 ng/mL;
	- - Alkaline phosphatase: Total alkaline phosphatase (not bone-specific) was considered. This is a marker of bone formation.

#### 2.3.3. Anthropometric Variables

The anthropometric assessment of the subjects was performed by determining weight, height, and body mass index (BMI).

Weight was measured without clothing with an accuracy of ±0.5 kg using a manual scale to the nearest 0.1 kg (SECA, Birmingham, UK). Height was measured with the patient in an upright position to the nearest centimeter using a stadiometer (SECA, Birmingham, UK). The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated using the following formula:

$$\text{BMI} = \text{weight (kg)} / \text{height (m)} \times \text{height (m)} \tag{1}$$

In this case, the obesity cut-off with a BMI > 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> was used for comparison between groups.

2.3.4. Fracture Variables

