**2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Study Population*

We analyzed baseline survey data from the Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES),\_Ansan–Ansung study (2001–2002), KoGES\_health examinee study (2004–2013), and the KoGES\_cardiovascular disease association study (2005–2011), which were largescale, longitudinal, and prospective cohort studies that investigated the risk factors for NCDs [17]. This study included 211,571 adults aged 40 years and older, who had lived in urban and rural areas for ≥6 months. The survey began in the year 2001 and is presently ongoing.

Figure 1 shows the participant selection process. From the 211,571 participants included in the baseline survey, participants were excluded for further study based on the following criteria: (1) lack of data on age and other lifestyle factors (*n* = 2231); (2) missing data on laboratory tests (*n* = 5853); (3) missing dietary information and total calorie intake, <500 kcal/day or >6000 kcal/day (*n* = 14,007); (3) missing data regarding death information (*n* = 54,530); and (4) death during the enrolled year (*n* = 63). Finally, we included a total of 143,050 participants. All participants provided written informed consent. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. This study was approved by the IRB of Yongin Severance Hospital.

#### *2.2. Dietary Assessment*

A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the dietary intake. The FFQ of the KoGES-Ansan-Ansung baseline study contains 103 food items, while those of the KoGES-HEXA and KoGES\_CAVAS contain 106 food items.

The FFQ evaluated how often the participants consumed each food item (never or seldom, once a month, two to three times per month, one to two times per week, three to four times per week, five to six times per week, once a day, twice per day, or thrice per day) and the amount of a particular food that they consumed in each meal (a half serving, one serving, or two or more servings) during the past 1 year. DF intake and other nutrients were calculated using the FFQ. We recorded the DF intake as g/day and divided it into quintiles (Q1 to Q5). The FFQ used in this study was available on the following website: http://www.cdc.go.kr/contents.es?mid=a40504100100 (accessed on 27 December 2021).

**Figure 1.** Selection process of study population.

#### *2.3. Covariates*

Trained medical staff performed all health examination procedures according to the standardized protocols published by KoGES. Measurements for height were obtained to the nearest 0.1 cm, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the height and weight. Blood pressure was measured after 5minutes resting in a sitting position. Blood tests were conducted after 8 h fasting. Serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride, and glucose levels were enzymatically analyzed using a Chemistry Analyzer (Hitachi 7600, Tokyo, Japan from August 2002 and ADVIA 1650, Siemens, Tarrytown, NY from September 2002). A self-questionnaire was used to assess the status of smoking, alcohol drinking and exercise. Smokers were classified as current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers. People consuming alcohol were classified as current drinkers, former drinkers, and non-drinkers. A person who regularly exercised enough to sweat was defined as a regular exerciser. A person with a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or diagnosis by physician was corresponded to hypertension. A person with fasting plasma glucose level ≥126 mg/dL, glycosylated hemoglobin ≥6.5%, or diagnosis by physician was corresponded to diabetes. A person with total cholesterol level ≥200 mg/dL, triglyceride ≥150 mg/dL, or diagnosis by physician was corresponded to dyslipidemia.
