**Table 3.** Case study analysis: Typology validation.





<sup>1</sup> Primary quadrant is listed first in **bold**. <sup>2</sup> Non-profit organizations are not producers; the quadrant is indicative of the type of food that they distribute. 1 Primary quadrant is listed first in **bold**. 2 Non-profit organizations are not producers; the quadrant is indicative of the type of food that they distribute.

**Figure 3.** Typology of embedded quality conventions. **Figure 3.** Typology of embedded quality conventions.

*Niche* C *D* E F *G H I J N* U *Future Emergent W* Specialized Supply *Supply structure* Consistent with the prescribed practice for case study methods, we assigned cases and developed the typology through iterative examination of the data [18,29,50–52]. We first tentatively assigned cases to one or more quadrants within the typology (i.e., Mainstream, Future Emergent, Growth, or Niche) based on the configuration of conventions that emerged from the data (Figure 4). Of the 23 organizational cases, nine occupied a single quadrant with their food products and FSCs. In contrast, 14 cases offered products and operate FSCs in more than one quadrant. We then finalized the assignments of cases with the second iteration of analysis. We analyzed practices within each quadrant of the typology to assess consistency between cases, consistency of the dominant conven-

Generic Products Differentiated Products

*Demand structure*

 *Growth*

*E F U K V*

Standardized

Supply

*Mainstream*

W

Lab grown beef and poultry

For-profit Producer

Processor **Future Emergent** 

Specialized Supply

*Supply structure*

rant is indicative of the type of food that they distribute.

*Future Emergent* Innovation Industrial Ecological

*Mainstream* Market Industrial Public

tion within each quadrant, patterns of practices, as well as any inconsistencies or notable findings within a particular bundle of quality conventions. We then compared practices a third time, across quadrants of the typology, assessing similarities and differences, as well as characteristics of conventions that could enable movement between quadrants. Two researchers independently coded data and follow-up discussions were used to resolve any discrepancies. **Figure 3.** Typology of embedded quality conventions. Ecological Ecological Generic Products Differentiated Products Standardized Supply *Demand structure*

*Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 15 of 27

resources).

1 Primary quadrant is listed first in **bold**. 2 Non-profit organizations are not producers; the quad-

(CIV) Donates products to food banks.

look, feel, and taste like animal-based meat.

development of new process technology. (IND/INN) Expanding product scope.

because the environment is controlled.

*Niche* Domestic Ecological Public Market

*Growth* Public Industrial Market

(INN/MKT) Novel technology being developed to grow meat cells and to form those cells into products that

(IND/INN) Actively pursuing manufacturing at scale;

(ECO) Use of animal cells to create meat; (animal welfare, climate change, human health, natural

(MKT/CIV) Lab grown meat will have a favorable nutritional profile and minimizes food safety issues

**Figure 4.** Case placement within typology. 1. All quadrants occupied by an organization indicated by letter. Primary focus indicated with larger/italicized font. 2. Cases L, P, Q, R, S, and T are non-profits providing food assistance; their placement within the typology indicates the types of products that they distribute; they are not food producers.
