**4. Conclusions**

In this paper, the smoke spread law and temperature distribution characteristics of large indoor pedestrian street fires are investigated using a combination of numerical simulation and full-scale experiments. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:


exhaust mode and volume all contribute to the increase of the attenuation coefficient to decrease the atrium temperature as soon as possible.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Q.L. and Y.Z.; methodology, Y.Z.; software, Q.L. and W.L.; validation, W.L., B.C. and Y.Z.; formal analysis, Q.L.; investigation, Q.L.; resources, W.L.; data curation, B.C.; writing—original draft preparation, Q.L.; writing—review and editing, Q.L. and Y.Z.; visualization, M.Z., H.W. and J.C.; supervision, W.L. and J.C.; project administration, M.Z.; funding acquisition, B.C. and H.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the Regional Development Science and Technology Program of Fujian Province (No. 2019Y3002) and Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2021JJ30860).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
