**1. Introduction**

Climate change resulting from the production of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is certainly the most evident aspect of the environmental crisis facing the planet, even if it is not the only factor. As Swyngedouw [1] pointed out, this crisis is global and concerns a model of society that sees nature only as an unlimited pool of resources to be exploited for economic growth and financial profitability. The options for dealing with this crisis must target the various facets of human life, such as health, transportation, agriculture, finance and water, and how these interlock with nature [2]. Thus, social innovations aimed at transforming society's relationship with the environment must be deployed across several dimensions, with food production targeted as a main, if not a flagship, priority [3] (p. 8).

Climate change and other aspects of the crisis such as the nutritional crisis are intimately linked. We have seen that events caused by climate change, which are becoming more frequent, destabilize the world food system, which consequently diminishes food security. An example of this is the case of Russia, which in 2010, fearing that it would be unable to meet its domestic demand following a major heat wave, decided to stop exporting wheat. This caused an increase of more than 40% in the price of wheat, making it more difficult for citizens in several regions of the world to obtain this grain [4].

This growing insecurity signals the need to rethink the food system with a view to experiments that promote an alternative to the globalized option of the food industry, or even of the economy as a whole. The territory can thus become a framework for restructuring based on the local, supported by visions that mobilize the interaction of the various dimensions of human life while also taking non-human life into account [1]. This calls for a return to a territorialized vision of development that brings consumption and production closer together and that draws on a new post-capitalist model of development built on the basis of local experiments [5]. In such a model, territories are seen as life

**Citation:** Doyon, M.; Klein, J.-L. Non-Conventional Agricultural Spaces and Climate Change: The Cases of Le Grenier boréal and Lufa Farms in Quebec, Canada. *Climate* **2021**, *9*, 148. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/cli9100148

Academic Editors: Azzeddine Madani, Christopher Robin Bryant, Andrea Vitali and Nektarios Kourgialas

Received: 23 July 2021 Accepted: 25 September 2021 Published: 2 October 2021

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**Copyright:** © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

environments, which means they are used and valued primarily from a perspective of improving the quality of life of citizens [6].

For several years now, the global food system has been under pressure due to rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns and more frequent extreme events (heat waves, droughts, hail) [7]. These climate challenges are compounded by global population growth, non-food uses of food crops and a shift to an increasingly animal-based diet [8]. These major trends threaten the food security of populations. According to the FAO [9], considering the current food system, 50% more food will have to be produced to meet the growing needs of the world's population.

While tropical and subtropical regions are already feeling the negative impacts of climate change on their agricultural yields, more northern regions are benefiting from these changes and are experiencing increased productivity for certain crops such as corn, soybeans and wheat. However, the IPCC [7] warns that these positive impacts will be shortlived. Declining yields of the major cereals will increase their cost, and this increase will affect the price of food in general. Fruit and vegetable production is not left out and also remains vulnerable to climate change. Heat stress and extreme events affect plant growth and even destroy crops. In addition to these direct impacts on production, there are impacts on productive resources. Decreased water quantity and quality, soil degradation and the presence and proliferation of pests and diseases are also to be expected. Finally, it should be noted that extreme temperatures likewise have impacts on agricultural workers [7]. One third of the world's food production would no longer benefit from a "safe climate space" and would be threatened in the medium term [10].

The relationships between climate change and food systems are complex and have consequences on the four dimensions of food security identified by the FAO [11], namely, food availability, food access, utilization and stability of these three dimensions over time. Availability refers to food supply and is derived from production, productivity, provisioning and trade. Food access is both economic and physical. The economic dimension refers to income in relation to the price of food, while physical access refers to infrastructure and the organization of supply and distribution systems, as well as to non-market practices (home production, social and solidarity economy organizations) [12]. Food utilization concerns the attainment of nutritional well-being that satisfies all physiological needs. Finally, the fourth pillar relates to the stability of the three previous pillars and concerns the different temporalities (cyclical, seasonal, annual).

Several studies have focused on measures to adapt to and mitigate climate change in food systems. Some of these measures concern demand-side changes (e.g., changes in diets) [13]. Others address the supply side such as adapting food production systems [14] and maintaining traditional productive systems [15]. In this article, we would like to discuss the contribution of non-traditional agricultural production sites to food security in a context of climate change and the territorialization of production practices. Given the pressures of climate change on production areas and human and natural resources, we believe it is necessary to reflect on the alternative dimension of these experiments in terms of their potential effects on natural and social balances.

The objective of this text is to present a reflection on the link between actions to adapt to food insecurity. To this end, two case studies of ongoing experiments in the Canadian province of Quebec will be presented and compared. While these two cases are very different in terms of location, production and people involved, they share the objective of bringing fresh and healthy food, produced locally, to the population of their territory and of rethinking the relationship of the community to nature through food production.
