*3.3. Data Collection*

This research was qualitative and quantitative. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire included continuous and categorical data, which comprised socio-economic characteristics, livestock production, assets, adaptive capacity, climate change, social safety net, and other variables. Faceto-face interviews were conducted from October to December 2020 using a structured questionnaire (part of the questionnaire is available in Appendix A). Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of the Free State.
