*2.3. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS)*

To measure food security and diet diversity, the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used. Data were collected from households in the four climate-smart villages (CSVs) in Myanmar. IIRR and its local NGO partners facilitated and provided support for households to implement climate-smart agriculture options in the villages from 2018. The CSA options deployed relied heavily on fruit tree crops and small livestock as core components of diversification, along with intercrops of annual crops such as corn, sorghum, upland rice and vegetables (depending on location). The CSA interventions were tracked annually to determine the number of CSA options adopted by HHs in a given season. The data sets from 2018 (monsoon), 2019 (dry season) and 2019 (monsoon) were analyzed for HFIAS and HDDS.

The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) is an approach to measure food insecurity at the household level. This approach is founded on the idea that when households experience food insecurity, it results in reactions and responses that can be collected and quantified in a structured community survey. Household food insecurity access was measured using a methodology designed and developed by a partnership of USAID and the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project (FANTA) [37].

The Household Dietary Diversity Score HDDS is a metric used to measure the diversity of a household's diet. The HDDS is measured by the method developed by FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division with support from EC/FAO and FANTA. Similar to the HFIAS questionnaire, HDDS uses a points-based system to calculate the diversity of a given diet. The recall period for HDDS surveys is 24 h, where respondents are asked to describe the foods (meals and snacks) that the household ate on the previous day, starting with the foods first eaten in the morning up until they went to sleep that night. A set of 12 food groups are used to guide the scoring as per the food items consumed (Table 2). Each food group is assigned a score of 1 if consumed or 0 if not consumed. The maximum score possible is hence 12, and the lowest is 1, meaning that the household only consumed one food type in that period. Food consumed outside of the home is not included [38].


**Table 2.** Food groups used in this study.

In addition to the HFIAS and HDDS surveys, the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of households were also assessed in the four climate-smart villages on nutrition, the importance of nutrition, food choices, food preparation and hygiene by inclusion of KAP questions included in the HFIAS and HDDS questionnaire. The data for KAP were collected and analyzed for the years 2018 and 2020.
