**6. Conclusions**

Climate change will gradually reduce the production capacity of many spaces. In order to maintain or even improve production levels, diversification of production environments is necessary, including the cultivation of traditionally non-productive areas. It is therefore important to diversify production systems and, above all, to integrate them in local processes where producers and consumers interact—which is essentially what Le Grenier boréal and Lufa Farms have been doing.

Climate change is accelerating. Let us recall that at the end of spring 2021, the media reported that early heat followed by late frosts had heavily impacted French viticulture and arboriculture [67]; that Australia was experiencing an invasion of mice that devoured crops, due to the years of drought that allowed them to proliferate [68]; that North Korea was in a "tense food situation" following typhoons and floods, occurring in 2020, that reduced domestic grain production [69]; and that the Western United States, including California, North America's vegetable garden, had entered a vicious cycle of drought, aridity and record high temperatures [70]. In Canada, in late June and early July 2021, the western provinces experienced the highest temperatures ever recorded in the country's history, breaking several records, especially in the Lytton area, where the temperature exceeded 49.6 degrees Celsius [71]. While some people such as the president of Brazil consider these extreme events to be deviations from the norm, which brings them to endorse the extractivist model, other people affirm that these events are part of a longterm trend and that the worst is yet to come, as stated in the IPCC report of 2021 [72]. These events are part of a context of globalized capitalism in which the food industry seeks to increase its profitability, which causes deterioration in product quality, leads to environmental degradation, especially due to transportation and the use of heavy machinery, and contributes to food insecurity.

The analysis of local initiatives aimed at food security points to ways of rethinking the relationship between food production, food consumption and a societal and ecological transition. Alternative models of action oriented toward social innovation are being implemented [3] and contribute to adaptation to climate change. We would do well to learn more about these models, especially in the context of a post-pandemic economic recovery, which many actors believe must be greener. For many, food is an area that calls on us to innovate in order to build a post-pandemic world that is more just and equitable and more respectful of nature [73,74]. In this perspective, the transformations to be made to food systems must have a strong territorial basis in relation to living environments [75] and must be conceived within a broad framework that implies a paradigm shift [76] in order to reduce dependence on inter-territorial imports. The cases of Le Grenier boréal and Lufa Farms point in this direction.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Fonds de recherche du Québec-Société et culture, grant number 253795.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Université du Québec à Montréal (protocol code 1949, 14 June 2017 and 2229, 7 February 2018).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
