**Dula Etana 1,2,\* , Denyse J. R. M. Snelder 3, Cornelia F. A. van Wesenbeeck <sup>4</sup> and Tjard de Cock Buning <sup>2</sup>**


Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 19 October 2020; Published: 22 October 2020

**Abstract:** Using gridded daily temperature and rainfall data covering 30 years (1988–2017), this study investigates trends in rainfall, temperature, and extreme events in three agro-ecological settings in central Ethiopia. The Mann Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator were used to examine the trends and slope of changes in climate indices. The profile of farmers whose perception converges with or diverges from meteorological data was characterized using polling. The average annual temperature has increased by 0.4 and 0.3 ◦C per decade in the lowland and midland areas, respectively. Average annual rainfall has increased only in the midland areas by 178 mm per decade. Farmers' perception of increasing temperature fairly aligns with meteorological data. However, there is a noticeable difference between farmers' perception of rainfall and meteorological data. The perception of farmers with poor economic status, access to media, and higher social capital aligns with measured trends. Conversely, the perception of economically better-off and uneducated farmers diverges from meteorological data. Accurate perception is constrained by the failure of the traditional forecast methods to describe complex weather variabilities and lack of access to down-scaled weather information. The findings highlight the importance of availing specific and agro-ecologically relevant weather forecasts to overcome perceptual problems and to support effective adaptation.

**Keywords:** temperature; rainfall; drought; weather; livelihood
