*2.2. Soil Conditions*

The area of Southeastern Poland is characterized by high soil variability, which is related to the very diverse topography. The northern part is flat, and the southern part is mountainous. In lowland agricultural areas, there are mainly fallow and brown soils made of sands, loams, loams and silt deposits. Acidified soils (66%) prevail in this area, including soils that are very acidic 35%, acid 31%, slightly acid 20%, neutral and alkaline 14%. Regardless of the parent rock type and grain size composition, the acidification level is similar (high) both in the northern and southern parts of the voivodeship. Most soils with a pH below 5.5 (very acidic and acidic) are found in the following districts: Bieszczadzki, Brzozowski, D ˛ebicki, Kolbuszowski, Leski, Niski and Sanocki (72–91%). The state of soil abundance in available macroelements and microelements is related to the geochemical composition of the soil, but at the same time, it is an indicator of the level of plant production. As much as 54% of agricultural soils in the voivodship show a deficit of phosphorus. The greatest deficiency of assimilable phosphorus is found in the soils of mountain areas (Bieszczady, Leski, Jasielski, Kro´snie ´nski and Sanocki counties) at 78–90% and soils from the Niski and Stalowa Wola counties. Very low and low K2O contents are shown in 45% of the studied soils (in the following districts: Bieszczadzki, D ˛ebicki, Kolbuszowski and Niza ´ ˙ nski). Seventy-five percent of agricultural land has a satisfactory magnesium content, and only twenty-five percent has a very low and low content. In the northern part of this area of Poland, fawn and brown whitewashed soils formed from water–glacial deposits are dominant. In the central part, there is a predominance of less than brown and leached soils made of sands and tills and brown soils formed from loess and loess-like formations, and the southern part is dominated by acidic brown soils and leached from flysch rocks [20].
