*4.1. Data Source*

For econometric analysis of the proposed models, this paper uses the panel data of 35 OECD and 36 non-OECD countries from 2000 to 2019, which are from the World Bank, Penn World Table, and IEA. In addition, the sample interval is divided into shortterm (2015–2019), medium-term (2010–2019), and long-term (2000–2019) for longitudinal comparison. To make the data stable, all variables except temperature are logarithmically transformed.
