*4.5. The Heterogeneity of Sample Interval*

To analyze the dynamic relationship between climate change, innovation input, and energy-environment-growth in terms of differences between sample zones, the sample was divided into three phases, as shown in Tables 10 and 11. From a green economy growth perspective, innovation investment has a significant contribution to green economy development in both the OECD and non-OECD country samples, and the intensity of the effect decreases gradually depending on the short, medium, and long term of the period. This also suggests that for a green economy to be sustainable, countries need to invest in innovation in the long term. From the perspective of energy consumption, the contribution of innovative input to renewable energy consumption is also significant, with the intensity of the contribution decreasing in the short, medium, and long term.



Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, \*\*\* *p* < 0.01, \*\* *p* < 0.05, \* *p* < 0.1.

**Table 11.** Differences of sample interval (non-OECD).


Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, \*\*\* *p* < 0.01, \*\* *p* < 0.05, \* *p* < 0.1.

In addition, the impact of climate change factors represented by temperature on renewable energy consumption is not significant in the short term and only begins to be significant in the medium to long term, which may make it possible that because climate change is not evident to people in the short term, it is often experienced over a long period of time before significant climate change is manifested, which in turn affects people's energy consumption activities. From the perspective of greenhouse gas emissions, innovation input has a dampening effect on greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries that diminishes over time. In non-OECD countries, on the other hand, innovation input has a significant dampening effect only in the medium term. The effect of climate variables on GHG emissions in different countries is weaker in the short term than in the medium and long term.

In summary, compared with similar studies, it is confirmed that innovation input and climate change are important variables affecting renewable energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and green economic growth. In contrast to other literature, this paper finds that the effects of industrialization and innovation inputs on energy consumption are significantly different in OECD countries. This should be because OECD countries are mostly developed countries, while non-OECD countries are developing countries, and being an OECD country or not indicates being at different stages of economic development. The different development realities and needs lead to different effects of industrialization and innovation inputs. In addition, the paper finds that the intensity of the impact of innovation inputs on economic growth, energy consumption, and pollution emissions varies over time, which indicates the time lag in the application of technological innovations generated by innovation inputs, and on the other hand the fact that new technology will eventually fall behind over time, which is the reason for the need to constantly innovate inputs and technological innovations.
