**5. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations**

The results of this paper show that: firstly, both renewable energy consumption and innovation inputs have a significant impact on green economic growth, and the impact of innovation inputs is stronger in non-OECD countries. Secondly, green economic development, industrialization, and innovation inputs all boost renewable energy consumption in OECD countries, while the opposite is true for non-OECD countries. Third, while climate change increases energy consumption, renewable energy consumption significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions in both OECD and non-OECD countries, especially for OECD countries with high renewable energy consumption and high energy efficiency. Fourth, innovation inputs contribute to green economic growth in both OECD and non-OECD countries. Innovative inputs have significantly increased renewable energy consumption and reduced greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries. Finally, innovation inputs have a large impact on the energy-environment-growth nexus in the short term, while the impact is more significant in the medium to long term. At the same time, the impact of climate change on the energy-environment nexus in OECD and non-OECD countries is more significant in the medium to long term.

Based on the above empirical results, the policy implications are as follows:


protection functions related to renewable energy development and set sustainable development goals and strategic ideas.


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Z.L.; Methodology, Z.L.; Formal analysis, T.S. and Y.Y.; Investigation, H.H.C.; Data curation, T.S.; Writing—review & editing, Z.L. and Y.Y.; Project administration, T.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by [Macau Polytechnic University] grant number [RP/FCHS-01/2022]. And The APC was funded by [Macau Polytechnic University].

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy or ethical restrictions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
