**Table 8.** The pollution function (OECD).


Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, \*\*\* *p* < 0.01, \*\* *p* < 0.05.


**Table 9.** The pollution function (non-OECD).

Note: Robust standard errors in parentheses, \*\*\* *p* < 0.01, \*\* *p* < 0.05, \* *p* < 0.1.

In addition, innovation input is also negatively correlated with greenhouse gas emissions, suggesting that an increase in innovation input can significantly improve the utilization efficiency of fossil energy and increase the proportion of renewable energy consumption. This is also an important determinant of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, such as the stronger the innovation input, the lower the greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, the temperature variable has a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions, because climate change inevitably increases the consumption of energy for temperature regulation.
