*Article* **Growth and Mechanical Characterization of Mycelium-Based Composites towards Future Bioremediation and Food Production in the Material Manufacturing Cycle**

**Thibaut Houette 1,\* , Christopher Maurer <sup>2</sup> , Remik Niewiarowski <sup>1</sup> and Petra Gruber <sup>3</sup>**


**Abstract:** Today's architectural and agricultural practices negatively impact the planet. Myceliumbased composites are widely researched with the aim of producing sustainable building materials by upcycling organic byproducts. To go further, this study analyzed the growth process and tested the mechanical behavior of composite materials grown from fungal species used in bioremediation. Agricultural waste containing high levels of fertilizers serves as the substrate for mycelium growth to reduce chemical dispersal in the environment. Compression and three-point bending tests were conducted to evaluate the effects of the following variables on the mechanical behavior of myceliumbased materials: substrate particle size (with or without micro-particles), fungal species (*Pleurotus ostreatus* and *Coprinus comatus*), and post-growth treatment (dried, baked, compacted then dried, and compacted then baked). Overall, the density of the material positively correlated with its Young's and elastic moduli, showing higher moduli for composites made from substrate with micro-particles and for compacted composites. Compacted then baked composites grown on the substrate with micro-particles provided the highest elastic moduli in compression and flexural testing. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insight into the selection of substrate particle size, fungal species, and post-growth treatment for various applications with a focus on material manufacturing, food production, and bioremediation.

**Keywords:** mycelium; fungal architecture; myceliated material; living material; sustainability; biotechnology; compression; bending; waste upcycling; mycoremediation

**1. Introduction**
