Data were analysed using R version 3.6.1 [45].

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate whether the site and year had an effect on overall species numbers; paired *t*-tests were then used to examine the significance of any changes between 1998 and 2018 in those sites where urbanisation had increased or greenspace had decreased. The analysis was repeated to assess species' primary food source categories.

Finally, effects of land change on feeding specialisation numbers in bird assemblages were also explored. To do this, assemblage species proportions of one, two, three or more food sources were analysed for grid cells that were determined to have had an increase in urbanisation, a decrease in urbanisation, no change in the amount of urbanisation, an increase in greenspace or a decrease in greenspace.
