*Article* **Biodiversity Evaluation: From Endorsed Indexes to Inclusion of a Pollinator Indicator**

**Sergio Albertazzi 1, Elisa Monterastelli 2, Manuela Giovanetti 1,\*, Emanuele Luigi Zenga 1, Simone Flaminio 1, Marta Galloni 3, Marino Quaranta <sup>1</sup> and Laura Bortolotti <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** There is increasing interest in evaluating biodiversity to preserve ecosystem services. Researchers can sustain policymakers by providing tools, such as indexes and indicators, that need constant implementation to become accepted standards. Implementation may vary from reevaluation of existing indicators to introduction of new ones based on emerging threats to biodiversity. With the aim of contributing to the compelling need to estimate and counterbalance pollinator loss, we screened existing bioindicators. We first selected indexes/indicators applied to agricultural contexts and concurrently endorsed by a regulatory agency. We then extended our analysis to indexes/indicators based on arthropod taxa and formally recognized at least by national bodies. Our procedure identified a combination of surveys of various animal taxa and remote landscape analyses (e.g., using a GIS and other cartographic tools). When the animals are arthropods, most indexes/indicators can only address confined environments (e.g., grasslands, riversides). Indicator strength was improved by the simultaneous inclusion of biotic and abiotic components. Pollinator sensitivity to changes at micro-habitat level is widely appreciated and may help distinguish agricultural practices. A biodiversity index based on pollinators, including a wide monitoring scheme supplemented by citizen science, is currently fostered at the European level. The results obtained using such an index may finally enable focusing of strategic funding. Our analysis will help to reach this goal.

**Keywords:** biodiversity; agroecosystems; arthropods; environment; pollinators; indicators; RDP measures
