**5. Conclusions**

Over the decades, North Captiva Island has evolved significantly as a result of tropical storms, hurricanes, and frequently occurring winter storms, as well as seasonal changes to the wave energy experienced in the Gulf of Mexico. Specifically, after the impact of Hurricane Charley, North Captiva Island experienced significant morphological changes and has sustained remarkable shoreline evolution. North Captiva was split apart in the southern end, but the cut was healed naturally by sediment nourishment. The breached section received 1,151,899.11 m<sup>3</sup> of sediments delivered from the northern portion of the island from 2004–2018. Additionally, the breached area of the island saw a notable increase in elevation of approximately 2.5 m since 2004. Since Hurricane Charley, a summary of the observed and measured changes to the island includes increased volume of sediments in the southern end of the island, heightened elevation, and stabilization of the island where the breach occurred, and overall widening of the southern shoreline.

Future studies of sediment transport on North Captiva Island should further explore where alternative sources of sediment may come from, and the role that sediments in

the Gulf of Mexico, or on neighboring islands, may play in island re-nourishment. The effects of rising sea level should also be monitored closely in relation to island reshaping and the ability to recover from storms [13]. Additionally, future studies detailing sediment transport should consider aspects of land usage and the alteration of natural land barriers where applicable.

**Author Contributions:** Data curation, E.W.K.; Formal analysis, F.J. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** Authors declare no conflict of interest.
