**2. Materials and Methods**

A two-fold approach was followed: (i) coastline changes were assessed using the USGS Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) tool [35] for 2010–2020, and (ii) VLM rates were quantified using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric analysis of images acquired for the periods 2007–2011 and 2017–2021. The results of these approaches were illustrated and contrasted to establish the relationship between coastline changes and VLM.
