Waves

Wave roses (Figure 5) for the 19.5◦ N 96◦ W coastal cell, obtained from the Era5 database [23], show that the most energetic waves come from the NE, with a 30% frequency and heights of 0.5–1 m. In winter, waves approach from the NE, with heights of 1–1.5 m, and the highest wave heights come from the NW (315◦ to 360◦). Overall, the highest wave heights occur during winter storms, and the lowest values are in the dry and rainy seasons.

**Figure 5.** Annual and seasonal wave roses for La Mancha, data from Era5 [23].

Storms, Tropical Cyclones and Hurricanes

According to Martínez et al. [24], Veracruz has a sui generis climatic confluence, caused by winds and atmospheric disturbances, which can generate considerable flooding on the coast, since the rivers overflow, and the phreatic level rises. The prevailing winds in Veracruz are generated by high-pressure systems in the winter and low-pressure systems in the summer. These atmospheric systems usually approach from the north and the east, impacting the coast of Veracruz [25], with winds of up to 100 km/h in the summer, and up to 180 km/h in the winter [24]. In the last 50 years, six hurricanes of category 3–5 have hit the area [24]. Although hurricanes are not very frequent, the area is at risk from flooding and erosion due to the energetic waves and storm surge induced by these phenomena [24].

Figure 6 shows the annual wind and wave roses for extreme events for the area of La Mancha. The data correspond to the coordinates 19.50◦ N 96.25◦ W and were obtained from the Maritime Climate Atlas of *Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM* [26], calculated from 1948 to 2010 with the WAM-HURAC numerical model [27]. The wind rose includes hourly data with a wind velocity of >50 km/h (0.29% of the 1948–2010 time series). The wave rose includes hourly data with a wave height of >5 m (0.17% of the 1948–2010 time series). It can be seen that the more energetic winds and waves come from the north.

**Figure 6.** Annual wind and wave roses for extreme events for La Mancha, data from [26].

Tides

The measured tidal levels near the study area are reported by the Secretaría de Marina (SEMAR, Mexican Secretariat of the Navy) for two different locations: Tuxpan (97◦20 48 W 20◦57 12 N) [28], and Veracruz (96◦07 51 W 19◦12 03 N) [29]. These values are estimated with measured data from July 1999 to December 2017 and are presented in Table 1. The values for La Mancha in Table 1 were calculated with a linear interpolation between the data of Tuxpan and Veracruz.


**Table 1.** Tidal levels referring to the MLLW (mean lower low water), data from SEMAR [28,29].

<sup>1</sup> Interpolated values.
