*3.1. Immunomodulation*

To our knowledge, commoditized MSCs have been approved for treating some autoimmune diseases in a clinical setting; however, the incidence of infection secondary to infusion of allogenic MSCs has been reported to be 29.5% [40]. This has prompted us to find an alternative approach. Exosomes are thought to be superior over MSCs with regard to treatment-related safety [41]. A previous work suggested that MSC-exosomes improved the in vitro survival and function of neutrophils from patients with severe congenital neutropenia, thus increasing the potential efficacy of MSC-exosomes against acute infection [42]. Moreover, studies have suggested that MSC-exosomes exhibit effects in managing autoimmune or inflammatory diseases [37,43] (Table 1).

*Cells* **2021**, *10*, 42



