*2.5. Life Cycle Assessment*

The LCA methodology was conducted considering the production process of mortar, incorporated with OSPW, according to the international standards ISO 14040 [34] and ISO 14044 [35]. Indeed, the development of this study aims to assess the environmental performance of mortar incorporated with OSPW, compared to conventional mortar. Both were evaluated according to the LCIA methods ReCiPe 2016 at midpoint, considering the impact categories, global warming (GW), stratospheric ozone depletion (SOD), ionizing radiation (IR), ozone formation, human health (OFHH), fine particulate matter formation (FPMF), ozone formation, terrestrial ecosystems (OFTE), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE), marine eutrophication (ME), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), freshwater ecotoxicity (FEC), marine ecotoxicity (MEC), human carcinogenic toxicity (HCT), human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNCT), land use (LU), mineral resource scarcity (MRS), fossil resource scarcity (FRS), and water consumption (WC). *Sustainability* **2022**, *14*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 26 radiation (IR), ozone formation, human health (OFHH), fine particulate matter formation (FPMF), ozone formation, terrestrial ecosystems (OFTE), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE), marine eutrophication (ME), terrestrial ecotoxicity (TE), freshwater ecotoxicity (FEC), marine ecotoxicity (MEC), human carcinogenic toxicity (HCT), human non-carcinogenic toxicity (HNCT), land use (LU), mineral resource scarcity (MRS), fossil resource scarcity (FRS), and water consumption (WC).

> The functional unit considered in this study corresponds to the production of 1 kg of mortar. To define the phases of the process to be studied, the limits of the system were delimited, considering the productive activities from the extraction of raw material to the final process (Figure 4). The functional unit considered in this study corresponds to the production of 1 kg of mortar. To define the phases of the process to be studied, the limits of the system were delimited, considering the productive activities from the extraction of raw material to the final process (Figure 4).

The life cycle inventory (LCI) report (Table 2) was prepared considering the production process from the extraction and obtaining of raw material to the finished product

tions of all inputs considered in the study (materials and natural resources). For the ornamental stone sludge, this research considered the natural drying to obtain the OSPW. The data used for the model were extracted from the Ecoinvent 3.3 database, according to database allocations, as shown in Table 2. The OSPW data were obtained in studies by Rebello et al. [6]. The modeling, assessment of life cycle impacts (LCI) and interpretation of results were aided by the SimaPro 9.0 software. For the LCI assessment,

**Figure 4.** Mortar system boundary. **Figure 4.** Mortar system boundary.

the method used was ReCiPe 2016, at midpoint.

The life cycle inventory (LCI) report (Table 2) was prepared considering the production process from the extraction and obtaining of raw material to the finished product phase (cradle to gate). In this case, the life cycle inventory consists of detailed compilations of all inputs considered in the study (materials and natural resources). For the ornamental stone sludge, this research considered the natural drying to obtain the OSPW.

**Table 2.** Life cycle inventory data.


<sup>1</sup> Embedded in the 30% of OSPW mortar sample.

The data used for the model were extracted from the Ecoinvent 3.3 database, according to database allocations, as shown in Table 2. The OSPW data were obtained in studies by Rebello et al. [6]. The modeling, assessment of life cycle impacts (LCI) and interpretation of results were aided by the SimaPro 9.0 software. For the LCI assessment, the method used was ReCiPe 2016, at midpoint.
