2.2.4. Depressive Symptoms

The French version of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item self-reported questionnaire assessing depressive symptoms experienced during the last two weeks [43,44]. Each symptom is rated on a 4-point Likert scale from 0 (The symptom is not associated to any suffering) to 3 (The symptom is associated to intense suffering). The total score ranges from 0 to 63; A score from 0 to 13 indicates normal to minimal depressive symptoms, a score from 14 to 19 indicates mild to moderate depressive symptoms, a score from 20 to 28 indicates moderate depressive symptoms, and a score from 29 to 63 indicates severe

depressive symptoms. The BDI has previously shown good psychometric properties for large-scale screening of depressive symptoms in adolescents [45–47]. For the present study, Cronbach's alpha of the questionnaire was 0.92.
