*3.2. Associations between Emotional Overload, Emotion Regulation Di*ffi*culties, Impulsivity, and Eating Patterns in Patients with BED*

Univariate analyses concerning Emotional eating and External eating are shown in Tables 3 and 4. Multivariable analysis showed that Emotional eating was independently associated with age (βadj = −0.415 (−0.792; −0.0390), DERS Non-Acceptance subscale score (βadj = 0.883 (0.060–1.705)), and UPPS-P Lack of premeditation subscale score (βadj = 3.750 (1.838–5.661)) (Table 3). Multivariable analysis showed that External eating was independently associated with the anxiety trait (βadj = 0.319 (0.090–0.547)), DERS Impulse control difficulties subscale score (βadj = 0.431 (0.115–0.746)), and UPPS-P Negative Urgency subscale score (βadj = 0.996 (0.496–1.497)) (Table 4).


**Table 3.** Multiple linear regression analysis of the association between DEBQ subscale (Emotional eating) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the BED group.

Note. Data are presented as *p*-value in univariate analysis and in adjusted regression β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval (CI), and *p*-value in multivariable analysis (only significant β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval are presented). OR: Odds ratio; DERS: Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale; UPPS-P: UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. In the final multivariable model of Emotional eating, potential covariates were age (years), Beck Depression Inventory score, Non-acceptance score, Impulse score, Lack of Premeditation score and Lack of Perseverance score.

**Table 4.** Multiple linear regression analysis of the association between DEBQ subscale (External eating) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the BED group.


Note. Data are presented as *p*-value in univariate analysis and in adjusted regression β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval, and *p*-value in multivariable analysis (only significant β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval are presented). OR: odds ratio; DERS: Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale; UPPS-P: UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. In the final multivariable model of External eating, potential covariates were STAI-B score, Non-acceptance score, Impulse score, Strategies score, Negative Urgency score, Positive Urgency score, and Lack of Premeditation score.

Univariate analyses concerning BITE symptoms and BITE severity are shown in Tables 5 and 6. Multivariable analysis showed that BITE symptom score was independently associated with depression severity score (βadj = 0.255 (0.082–0.428)), DERS Non-Acceptance subscale score (βadj = 0.299 (0.131–0.466)), and UPPS-P Lack of premeditation subscale score (βadj = 1.469 (0.851–2.087)) (Table 5). Multivariable analysis showed that BITE Severity score was independently associated with the trait anxiety (βadj = 0.176 (0.061–0.290)), DERS Impulse control difficulties subscale score (βadj = 0.587 (0.415–0.759)), DERS Clarity subscale score (βadj = 0.304 (0.094–0.514)), and UPPS Negative Urgency subscale score (βadj = −0.832 (−1.083; −0.582)) (Table 6).

**Covariates Univariate Analysis Multivariable Analysis** *p* β**adj (95% CI),** *p* Age 0.734 Female/Male 0.347 Beck Depression Inventory 0.085 0.255 (0.082–0.428), *p* < 0.01 State anxiety inventory (STAI-A) 0.015 Trait anxiety inventory (STAI-B) 0.194 DERS Non-Acceptance 0.068 0.299 (0.131–0.466), *p* < 0.01 Goals 0.745 Impulse 0.085 Awareness 0.774 Strategies 0.279 Clarity 0.160 UPPS-P Negative Urgency 0.297 Positive Urgency 0.72 Lack of Premeditation 0.003 1.469 (0.851–2.087), *p* < 0.001 Lack of Perseverance 0.797 Sensation Seeking 0.398

**Table 5.** Multiple linear regression analysis of the association between BITE subscale (symptom score) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the BED group.

Note. Data are presented as *p*-value in univariate analysis and in adjusted regression β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval, and *p*-value in multivariable analysis (only significant β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval are presented). OR: odds ratio; BITE: Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; DERS: Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale; UPPS-P: UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. In the final multivariable model of BITE symptom subscale, potential covariates were Beck Depression Inventory score, STAI-A score, STAI-B score, Non-acceptance score, Impulse score, Clarity score, and Lack of Premeditation score.

**Table 6.** Multiple linear regression analysis of the association between BITE subscale (severity score) and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics in the BED group.



**Table 6.** *Cont.*

Note. Data are presented as *p*-value in univariate analysis and in adjusted regression β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval, and *p*-value in multivariable analysis (only significant β coefficients (βadj), 95% confident interval are presented). OR: odds ratio; BITE: Bulimic Investigatory Test, Edinburgh; DERS: Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale; UPPS-P: UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. In the final multivariable model of BITE severity subscale, potential covariates were Beck Depression Inventory score, STAI-A score, STAI-B score, Non-acceptance score, Impulse score, Awareness score, Strategies score, Clarity score, and Negative Urgency score.
