2.3.3. Binge Eating (BE) Symptoms

To assess for BE symptoms, we used the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire with Instructions (EDE-Q-I) [55], which is a short questionnaire that can accurately assess the frequency of BE symptoms [56]. This instrument has shown comparable to the gold standard, the EDE interview, in assessing BE symptom frequency [56] (see Appendix B for the specific questions used in the EDE-Q-I to assess BE symptoms).

#### 2.3.4. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)

The BDI is a well-established and highly reliable (Cronbach's alpha: 0.87) self-assessment questionnaire of depressive symptoms [57]. It contains twenty-one questions, each having a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (severe symptoms). Scores on the BDI indicate mild, moderate, severe, or no depression (represented by scores of 14–19, 20–28, 20–63, and 0–13, respectively) [58].
