2.2.2. Emotion Regulation and Impulsivity

The Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; [12]) is a 36-item self-report questionnaire. It assesses six different aspects of emotional regulation including non-acceptance of emotional responses (Non-Acceptance), difficulty engaging in goal-directed behavior (Goals), impulse control difficulties (Impulse), lack of emotional awareness (Awareness), limited access to emotional regulation strategies (Strategies), and lack of emotional clarity (Clarity). This scale has demonstrated good internal consistency, construct and predictive validity, and test–retest reliability. We used the validated French version [28]. The total score demonstrated a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 in the present study. It was 0.90, 0.78, 0.84, 0.66, 0.86, and 0.66 respectively for the six different subscales described above.

The UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale [29] consists of 20 items that evaluate different facets of impulsivity labeled Negative Urgency (4 items), Positive Urgency (4 items), (lack of) Premeditation (4 items), (lack of) Perseverance (4 items), and Sensation seeking (4 items). Cronbach's alphas in our sample were 0.83, 0.74, 0.77, 0.79, 0.77, respectively.
