**Preface to "Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke"**

Stroke is a major health concern worldwide, being the second-leading cause of death and the third-leading cause of death and disability. The burden of stroke has been increasing significantly. Until the early 1990s, the management of patients with stroke was primarily conservative in nature. However, with the approval of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IVT) by the US FDA in 1995, significant improvements were made in the management of stroke. Currently, endovascular treatment (EVT) has become a standard of care for patients with acute large vessel occlusion. Advancements in treatment methods and post-reperfusion care have led to better patient outcomes. While the future looks promising, ongoing research and development will continue to improve reperfusion therapy and care for stroke patients.

The primary objective of this Special Issue is to address the current knowledge gaps and promote advancements in the use of IVT and EVT for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The eighteen articles submitted to the *Journal of Clinical Medicine* were carefully selected and are presented in this book. The published articles explore a diverse range of topics and applications of reperfusion therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Although submissions for this Special Issue have been closed, the need for continued research and development in this field remains vital.

Finally, we would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the staff of MDPI Books, the editorial team of *JCM*—particularly Ms. Niya Wu, the assistant editor of this Special Issue—the accomplished authors, and the dedicated and professional reviewers for their contributions.

> **Hyo Suk Nam and Byung Moon Kim** *Editors*

### *Editorial* **Advance of Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke**

**Hyo Suk Nam 1,\* and Byung Moon Kim <sup>2</sup>**


Globally, stroke remains the second leading cause of death, and the third-leading cause of death and disability, in the world. Stroke burden increased substantially [1]. The use of intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IVT) has been the standard of care for treating acute ischemic stroke for over two decades; however, its low efficacy and potential harmfulness limit its effectiveness. After successful randomized clinical trials, endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has become the mainstay treatment of large vessel occlusion in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the guidelines still recommend that patients eligible for IVT should receive it. Two randomized clinical trials showed that EVT was effective even in the late time window of up to 16 or 24 h [2,3]. Many researchers have conducted research into more effective treatments, evaluation tools, and efficient care pathways in thrombolysis and thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

The recanalization rate of EVT is about 70–80% and the number needed to treat is 2.6 with a low complication rate. However, more than half of patients remain functionally dependent 3 months after the initial stroke. It remains unclear whether EVT will be beneficial in all stroke patients. Recanalization is one of the critical factors affecting early and late outcomes following acute ischemic stroke. Kim et al., investigated whether stroke risk scores are associated with unsuccessful recanalization in patients who received EVT [4]. They tested the CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, ATRIA, and Essen stroke risk scores, and found that all stroke risk scores were associated with recanalization failure after EVT. This study showed the association between stroke risk scores and the clinical outcomes of patients who received EVT.

Successful recanalization does not always translate into good clinical outcomes. When successful recanalization fails to bring a favorable prognosis, it is called futile recanalization (FR). FR is usually defined as the modified Rankin scale ≥3 at 3 months despite successful recanalization (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction grade ≥ 2b). The prevalence of FR has been reported to range from 29 to 67%. Causes of FR can be divided into baseline patient characteristics, imaging findings, and postprocedural factors. The baseline characteristics of old age, female gender, higher initial National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, comorbidities, systolic blood pressure, glucose and biomarkers, and late treatment are reported. Imaging factors included large infarction, poor collaterals, proximal occlusion, and white matter hyperintensity. Procedural factors included no IVT use, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, blood pressure variability, and blood pressure controls after recanalization.

EVT in older people can be challenging, as older people often live with frailty, which may be associated with FR and poor outcomes. Schnieder et al., investigated whether frail patients also face adverse outcomes after EVT [5]. They found that frailty led to poor functional outcomes and higher mortality in patients undergoing EVT. Krajíckov ˇ á et al., studied real-world data of elderly patients who were treated with EVT [6]. They found that patients ≥ 80 years old and undergoing IVT were less likely to achieve a 3-month good clinical outcome. Women were highly associated with 3-month good clinical outcomes and lower 3-month mortality.

**Citation:** Nam, H.S.; Kim, B.M. Advance of Thrombolysis and Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke. *J. Clin. Med.* **2023**, *12*, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm12020720

Received: 5 January 2023 Accepted: 11 January 2023 Published: 16 January 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

The prediction of prognosis based on advanced imaging techniques before IVT or EVT is promising. Incorporating advanced neuroimaging in patients with acute ischemic stroke may increase the yield of IVT administration without affecting the treatment's effectiveness and safety [7]. Among various tools, hypoperfusion severity can be estimated using the hypoperfusion intensity ratio (HIR). Baek et al., studied the association between HIR and clinical outcomes [8]. They found that the low-HIR group had a more favorable outcome, even with an unfavorable Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score and onsetto-recanalization time. Using pre-treatment CT angiography, HIR provides an objective numerical value compared to classic tools that provide a qualitative or merely categorical value. Kim et al., demonstrated the feasibility of a machine-learning-based tissue outcome prediction technique using features derived from pre-treatment, perfusion-weighted, and diffusion-weighted imaging [9].

During and after thrombolysis and thrombectomy, contrast-associated acute kidney injury can deteriorate patients. Yoo et al., studied the retrospective cohort of three stroke centers in Korea, finding that AKI occurred in 9.8% of EVT patients [10]. The occurrence of AKI was associated with a poor functional outcome and mortality at 3 months. Accompanying coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with acute ischemic stroke is problematic. However, safety and efficacy data of IVT and EVT in patients with COVID-19 are scarce. Jurkeviˇciene et al., found that reperfusion therapies in COVID-19 patients are ˙ safe. Functional outcomes at 3 months were significantly worse and 3-month mortality was higher than the control group [11].

Until the early 1990s, managing patients with stroke had long remained a conservative treatment. After the US FDA approved recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in 1995, stroke management was never the same. Likewise, the current method of EVT is a mainstay in patients with acute large vessel occlusion. The development of treatment tools and sophisticated care after reperfusion therapy improves outcomes. As promising as the future looks, we will meet the next generation of reperfusion therapy and care.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.S.N. and B.M.K.; methodology, H.S.N. and B.M.K.; data acquisition, H.S.N. and B.M.K.; writing—original draft preparation, H.S.N. and B.M.K.; writing review and editing, H.S.N. and B.M.K.; project administration, H.S.N.; funding acquisition, H.S.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT). (No. 2022R1A2C1007948).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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