*5.3. Comparative Analysis with Other Reservoirs*

The detailed structural interpretation of the 3D SMs and appropriate 2D cross-sections has revealed that the geological structural complexity is a consequence of different tectonic phases of deformation (compressional regimes of the surrounding plate boundary). The structural and stratigraphic characteristics results derived from the 3D FSMs, the 3D TWT model, the 3D SMs, the dip angle models, the rose diagram, and the histogram agree with the regional studies conducted by other researchers [7,45,49]. These studies show similar structural and stratigraphic characteristics and patterns. According to [7], most faults dip towards the southwest, with an average throw in the order of about 50 m and a maximum throw of 113 m in the Kadanwari area. Wrench or strike-slip faults are absent, except for one potential one wrench fault (F3) to the south in the Kadanwari field (Figure 9a). Based on this, the possibility of strike-slip deformation may also be inferred. References [7,45,49] also stressed that the Kadanwari field is structurally essential due to the presence of fault-bounded structures, which may be considered as potential prospects. The structural characteristics of the nearby fields within the MIB and LIB, such as the Miano, Sawan, and Zamzama fields, can also be correlated with the conducted study of the Kadanwari field.

The adopted methods of 3D SM and JGC can also be utilized in the international basins having the same geology of extensional regimes featuring the horst and graben structures as a petroleum play. These include the Bach Ho oilfield in Cuu Long Basin of Vietnam [61] and the Mannar frontier sedimentary basin of Sri Lanka [62]. In addition, this study is helpful to characterize and evaluate reservoir geometrical characteristics, facies, and properties to reduce uncertainties and improve the success rate of future exploration and development plans pertaining to hydrocarbons in the regions having the same geology globally. In general, conventional methods remain inadequate in individual or integrated form. Therefore, machine learning tools may provide guidance for detailed structural and petrophysical evaluation. In future work, the manual structural interpretation, seismic attributes maps, and petrophysical properties can be used as input databases of machine learning, especially deep learning, models for subsequent automated 3D structural, facies, and petrophysical modeling.

### **6. Conclusions**

We introduced a novel methodology of 3D structural modeling (3D SM) and joint geophysical characterization (JGC), which comprises seismic interpretation-aided 3D structural modeling, seismic attributes, and petrophysical modeling for reservoir characterization in the Kadanwari field, Middle Indus Basin (MIB), Pakistan. Our main findings are as follow:


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, U.K. and B.Z.; methodology, U.K. and J.D.; software, U.K.; validation, B.Z., J.D., and M.K.; formal analysis, Y.T. and S.A.; investigation, I.A.; data curation, S.H.; writing—original draft preparation, U.K. and Z.J.; writing—review and editing, Y.T. and U.K.; funding acquisition, B.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 42072326 and 41772348) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC1805905).

**Data Availability Statement:** The dataset of the current study are not publicaly availible due to a data privacy agreement we signed with the Directorate General of Petroleum Concessions (DGPC), Pakistan, but are availible from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank Landmark Resources (LMKR) and the Directorate General of Petroleum Concessions (DGPC), Pakistan, for providing the dataset. Many thanks to Umar Ashraf (Yunnan University, China) for revising the final version of this manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
