*3.2. Methods*

In this study, three-dimensional structural modeling (3D SM) and joint geophysical characterization (JGC) use an integrated 3D SM approach, involving structurally constrained geological models and seismic attribute implications and petrophysical properties that significantly enhance the understanding of the reservoir characteristics leading to reliable reservoir assessment. Figure 3 shows the complete workflow of the present case study. Firstly, seismic and well log data interpretation was carried out, which involves synthetic seismogram generation, and extracting and interpreting specific stratigraphic interfaces (geological period) and faults as geometric features in 2D cross-sectional (i.e., vertical) slices of a 3D seismic volume. Secondly, 3D FSMs and their attribute models such as dip angles, fault rose diagram and histogram were constructed to evaluate the fault mechanics and geometric distribution. Thirdly, 3D SMs of the early Cretaceous stratigraphic sequence were constructed using the VBM algorithm, incorporating all geometrical definitions (e.g., constraints from well tops, geologic horizons, and FSMs). Fourthly, several seismic attributes such as variance edge, sweetness, and RMS amplitude were incorporated into the 3D seismic data, which involves extracting the corresponding qualitative and quantitative geological features to validate the interpreted spatial forecasts of the geological structure, and to then evaluate the lithofacies distribution and direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs). Finally, petrophysical modeling based on various well logs (CALI, GR, SP, LLD, LLS, MSFL, DT, NPHI, and RHOB, explained in Table 1) was performed to determine the reservoir properties (e.g., lithology, *Vshale*, ∅*avg*, ∅*eff*, *SW*, and *Shc*).
