2.4.8. Clade Malvids

Antimicrobials in this vast Clade are diverse (Table S2).

*Order Myrtales:* Polar and mid-polar organic extracts of *Combretum quadrangulare* Kurz (Combretaceae) [123] and *Terminalia catappa* L. (Combretaceae) are antibacterial and anticandidal [124,125] probably due to ellagitannins such as corilagin (**38**) [81,126] (Table S2) [127,128] and other phenolics. Phenolic fraction from the fruits of *T. catappa* strongly repressed *S. aureus*, *B. subtilis*, *E. faecalis*, and *L. monocytogenes* with the MIC values of 15.6, 15.6, 7.8, and 15.6 μg/mL, respectively [129]. Other antimicrobials in this family are triterpenes, probably explaining the strong activity of the hexane extract of *Lumnitzera racemosa* Willd. with *B. cereus* and *E. coli* [21]. The ethanol extract of barks of this shrub repressed NVD, VV, EMCV, and SFV [130]. Aqueous extracts from Combretaceae plants are often antiviral, as in the pericarps of *T. catappa* with HSV-2 [131] or *C. quadrangulare* blocking HIV integrase with the IC50 of 2.9 μg/mL [132].

The methanol extract of the true mangrove shrub *Pemphis acidula* J.R. & G. Forst (Lythraceae) hindered a broad-spectrum of bacteria [133,134]. Essential oils of *Melaleuca cajuputi* Roxb. and *Melaleuca quinquenervia* (Cav.) S.T. Blake (*Myrtaceae*) are strongly and broadly antibacterial and antifungal [135–138]. The essential oil of *M. quinquenervia* repressed *Phytophthora cactorum* [139] and was strongly fungicidal for filamentous fungi [140].

In the family Sonneratiaceae, polar and mid-polar organic and aqueous extracts of the true mangrove trees *Sonneratia apetala* Buch-Ham., *Sonneratia griffithii* Kurtz., and *Sonneratia ovata* Back. are bacterial and antifungal [21,141–145]. *S. griffithii* yields strongly antibacterial lupane triterpenes such as 3β-hydroxy-lup-9(11),12-diene, 28-oic acid (**39**), lupeol (**40**), and lupan-3β-ol (**41**) (Table S2) [146]. Antiviral triterpenes are present in Sonneratiaceae plants [147].

*Order Brassicales:* Polar organic extracts of *Azima sarmentosa* (Bl.) B. & H and *Azima tetracantha* Lam. (Salvadoraceae) inhibited the growth of bacteria and fungi [148,149].

*Order Malvales:* In the family Malvaceae, organic polar extracts of *Hibiscus tiliaceus* L. and *Thespesia populnea* (L.) Soland. ex Correa restrained a broad array of bacteria [150,151]. *T. populnea* yields the cadalane sesquiterpenes populene C (**42**) and D (**43**), mansonone D (**44**) and E (**45**), 7-hydroxycadalene (**46**), gossypol (**47**), and (+) 6,6'-methoxygossypol (**48**) with strong activity toward Gram-positive bacteria (Table S2) [152]. The ethanol extract of flowers of *T. populnea* strongly hindered VSV, CV B4, and RSV (EC50: 20 μg/mL) [153] whereas the methanol extract of *Malachra capitata (L.) L*. was active against the FMDV [154]. The petroleum ether extract of the leaves of *Kleinhovia hospita* L. strongly retrained *E. coli* and *A. jejunii* with the MIC values of 35.7 and 38 μg/mL, respectively [155,156], while the ethanol extract of the bark yielded a MIC value of 4 μg/mL with *S. aureus* [17]. From this plant, the steroids (9*R*,10*R*, 23*R*)-21,23:23,27-diepoxycycloarta-1,24-diene-3,27-dione (**49**) and (9*R*,10*R*,21*S*,23*<sup>R</sup>*)-21/23,23/27-diepoxy-21-methoxycycloartan-1,24-diene-3,27-dione (**50**) are strongly active (Table S2) [156].

Sterculiaceae plants are often antimicrobial as in the dichloromethane extract *Heritiera littoralis* Aiton with *M. madagascariense* and *M. indicus* [157,158]. From this tree, the flavonol glycoside afzelin (**51**) is strongly antibacterial and antiviral (Table S2) [55,159–163].

Other antimicrobial principles in this true mangrove tree are taraxerol (**52**), friedelin (**53**), and astilbin (**54**) [164]. The ethanol extract of the bark of *Heritiera fomes* Buch. Ham. developed halos with *S. epidermidis*, *S. pyogenes*, *E. coli*, *E. aerogenes*, *Pseudomonas sp*. [28], and *K. rhizophilia* [164].

*Order Sapindales:* Organic polar extracts of the true mangrove trees *Aglaia cucullata* Pellegr., *Xylocarpus granatum* J. Koenig, and *Xylocarpus moluccensis* (Lam.) M. Roem (Meliaceae) displayed antibacterial properties [28,165,166] (Table S2) [144–146,148). Phytoalexins in this family are limonoids such as in the antiretroviral sundarbanxylogranin B (**55**) from the seeds of *X. granatum* [167] or thaixylomolin I (**56**) and K (**57**) isolated from the seeds of *X. moluccensis* [168]. Another example is krishnolide A (**58**) [169]. From the latter, moluccensin I from the fruits moderately inhibited the growth of *S. hominis* and *E. faecalis* [170]. The limonoid catabolite dihydrofuranone 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-butyrolactone (**59**) from the leaves of *X. granatum* is a strong repressor of the phytopathogenic fungi *Blumeria graminis* [171].

In the Rutaceae, essential oils of *Acronychia pedunculata* (L.) Miq. and *Limnocitrus littoralis* (Miq.) Swingle are antibacterial and antifungal [172–174]. The ethanol extract of the former was active toward *C. albicans*, *A. niger*, and *C. neoformans* [175]. The acridone pharmacophore [176] intercalates into microbial DNA [177] and represses WSSV [178]. *A. pedunculata* yields very strong antistaphylococcal acridone alkaloids [179] as well as the prenylated acetophloroglucinol acrovestone (**60**) [177] (Table S2) [180].

Antimicrobials in the family Sapindaceae are mainly triterpene saponins and triterpenes the later soluble lipid. The petroleum ether of *Allophylus cobbe* (L.) Raeusch strongly inhibited the growth of *Shigella sonnei, Salmonella paratyphi*, and *C. neoformans* with the MIC values of 31.2 μg/mL [178–181]. The methanol extract of the leaves of *Harpullia arborea* (Blanco) Radlk repressed a broad-spectrum of bacteria and fungi [182] whereas the ethanol

extract of leaves was active against HCV [183] on probable account of simple phenolic glycosides [184].

The methanol extract of leaves of *Quassia indica* (Gaertn.) Nooteboom (Simaroubaceae) developed halos with *E. coli*, *S. aureus*, *A. Niger*, and *C. albicans* [185].

*Order Santalales:* Plants in the Loranthaceae generate antimicrobial phenolics such as the flavonol glycoside quercitrin isolated from the leaves of *Dendrophthoe pentandra* (L.) Miq. (100 μg/mL/6 mm disc) [186]. These are soluble in methanol explaining the antibacterial properties of *Macrosolen cochinchinensis* (Lour.) Tiegh [187] or *Viscum orientale* Willd. [188]. The organic polar extracts of *Olax scandens* Roxb. and *Ximenia americana* L. (Olacaceae) are antibacterial and antifungal [189–191]. Phytoalexins here are often polyacetylene fatty acids extractable with non-polar solvent from which the halos developed against *B. subtilis*, *Enterococcus faecalis*, *P. aeruginosa*, and *K. pneumoniae* with the hexane extract of the leaves of *Olax scandens* Roxb. [192]. The methanol extract of the stembark of *X. americana* strongly inhibited the replication of HIV [193].

*Order Caryophyllales:* In the order Caryophyllales, a fatty acid fraction of *Sesuvium portulacastrum* (L.) L. (Aizoaceae) as well as the essential oil moderately hindered a broadspectrum of bacteria and fungi [194,195]. The ethanol extract of leaves was active against HBV [130]. The polar organic extract of *Salicornia brachiata* Miq. and *Suaeda maritima* (L.) Dumort. (Chenopodiaceae) displayed broad-spectrum antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties [196,197]. The fatty acid fraction of the aerial parts of *S. brachiata* Miq. moderately restrained *B. subtilis S. aureus* and methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* [198]. The ethanol extract of the leaves of *S. maritima* was active against the EMCV [130]. The organic polar extract of the true mangrove tree *Aegialitis rotundifolia* Roxb. and *Limonium tetragonium* Bullock (Plumbaginaceae) are antibacterial and antifungal [199,200]. The methanol extract of the roots of *L. tetragonium* Bullock blocked HIV-1 reverse transcriptase [201].
