2.4.3. Clade Monocots

Plants in this clade are mainly mangrove-associated with organic extracts being moderately broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal and producing mainly antimicrobial phenolics (Table 2). For instance, the ethanol extract of rhizomes of *Lasia spinosa* (L.) Thwaites developed halos with *S. aureus*, *S. epidermidis*, *S. pyogenes*, *S. dysenteriae*, *E. coli*, *V. cholerae*, *E. aerogenes*, *P. aeruginosa*, *C. albicans*, *A. niger*, and *S. cerevisae* (500 μg/disc) [27,28]. Other instances are *Phoenix paludosa* Roxb. [29,30], *Saribus rotundifolius* (Lam.) Bl. [31], *Cyperus scariosus* R. Br. [32], *Eleocharis dulcis* (Burm. f.) Trin. ex Hensch. [33,34], *Pandanus tectorius* Parkinson [35], the true mangrove *Nypa fruticans* Wurm. [35], *Areca catechu* L. [31], *Phragmites vallatoria* Veldkamp [36], *Ruppia maritima* L. [37], and *Flagellaria indica* L. [38]. The ethanol extract of *Flagellaria indica* L. at the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL repressed DV by 45.5% [39,40]. In the family Orchidaceae, an aqueous extract of *Aerides odoratum* Reinw. ex Bl. repressed the *E. coli* [41] and the chloroform extract of pseudobulbs of *Cymbidium finlaysonianum* Wall. ex Lindl. moderately retrained *T. Mentagrophytes* (MIC: 250 μg/mL) [42]. From this orchid, the phytoalexin stilbene batatasin III (**4**) was active against Gram-positive bacteria [43] as well as phytopathogenic filamentous fungi [44]. Gigantol (**5**) and batatasin III exhibited meek activity with HSV-1 and -2 [45]. The phenanthrene moscatin (**6**) from *Dendrobium moschatum* (Buch. -Ham.) Sw. is a moderate antibacterial [46]. Other examples of antibacterial and antifungal phenolics from the Monocots are meridinol (**7**) [47], tricin (**8**) [48,49], and naringenin (**9**) [50,51] (Table 2).

#### 2.4.4. Clade Core Eudicots

Plants in this clade are not found in mangroves.

## 2.4.5. Clade Core Eudicots

Plants in this clade are not found in mangroves.
