2.4.7. Clade Fabids

Fabids principally yield antimicrobial phenolics (Table S2).

*Order Malpighiales:* Organic polar, mid-polar, and non-polar extracts of *Calophyllum inophyllum* L. (Clusiaceae) are broadly antimicrobial [60–62]. Of note, the methanol extract of latex very strongly hindered *S. aureus* with an IC50 of 1.1 μg/mL and *Trichophyton rubrum* with an IC50 of 3.3 μg/mL [63]. The hexane extract of seeds strongly restrained HIV-1 at the concentration of 10 μg/mL [64]. Inophyllum B (**15**), inophyllum B acetate (**16**), and inophyllum P (**17**) from the leaves blocked HIV reverse transcriptase respectively, while inophyllum B (**15**) and P (**17**) inhibited HIV with IC50 values of 1.4 and 1.6 μM, respectively (Table S2) [61].

In the Euphorbiaceae, extracts of leaves of *Excoecaria agallocha* L. moderately repressed a broad array of bacteria and yeasts [64–67]. The ethanol extract of leaves inhibited the replication of the ECMV (EC50:16.7 μg/mL), HIV (EC50: 7.3 μg/mL), NDV, and SFV [68]. This vesicant tree yields 12-deoxyphorbol 13-(3*E*,5*E*-decadienoate) (**18**) with very strong antiretroviral effects (Table S2) [69]. *Suregada glomerulata* (Bl.) Baill. yields the alkaloid

5*β*-carboxymethyl-3*α*-hydroxy-2*β*-hydroxymethyl-1- methylpyrrolidine (**19**), which curbed HIV-1 replication (Table S2) [70].

**Table 2.** Monocots from the mangroves, tidal rivers, and the seashores of the Asia and the Pacific with antibacterial, antifungal, and/or antiviral activity.


+: Activity of extract(s) reported in the literature.

Plants in the Rhizophoraceae are tanniferous and have antibacterial activities as in *Bruguiera cylindrica* (L.) Bl. [71], *Bruguiera gymnorhiza* (L.) Savigny [72], *Bruguiera sexangula* (Lour.) Poir., *Ceriops decandra* Griff.) Ding Hou [28,63], *Ceriops tagal* (Perr.) C.B. Rob. [71], *Kandelia candel* (L.) Druce [73,74], *Rhizophora apiculata* Bl. [75], and *Rhizophora stylosa*

Griff. [71,76]. The hydrolysable tannin fraction of the bark of the latter weakly inhibited the growth of *A. calcoaceticus*, *B. lichenifornis*, *P. mirabilis*, and *S. saprophyticus* [77]. Other antibacterials in this family are 2,6-dimethoxy-*p*-benzoquinone (**20**) as well as gallic acid (**21**) [78,79] (Table S2), [78–93].

16-Hydroxypimar-8(14)-en-15-one (**22**) from the roots of *Ceriops tagal* (Perr.) C.B. Rob. Moderately restrained a broad-spectrum of bacteria (Table S2) [80]. Diterpenes are often liposoluble, explaining perhaps the suppression of a broad-spectrum of bacteria and fungi including *B. pumilus* with a MIC value of 15.6 μg/mL by the benzene extract of the wood of *C. decandra* [94]. The presence of tannins and phenolics most probably account for the antiviral effects observed in *B. cylindrica*, *Rhizophora mucronata* Lam., *R. apiculata*, *B. gymnorhiza* [72], *C. decandra* [68]. Other examples of water soluble antibacterials are the cyclohexylideneacetonitrile derivatives from *B. gymnorhiza*, which strongly repressed HBV [69].

*Order Fabales:* Aqueous, polar and mid-polar extracts of Fabaceae are moderately broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal, as observed with *Caesalpinia bonduc* (L.) Roxb [95] (Table S2) [96]. The methanol extract of the seed coat of this climber strongly restrained *P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and B. cereus (MIC: 22 μg/mL)* [97]. *This extract given to Wistar rats* subcutaneously at a dose of 25 mg/kg body weight once a day for 10 days evoked a reduction in lung abscesses induced by *P. aeruginosa* [97]. The active principle here are diterpenes including bondenolide (**23**) [96] and neocaesalpin P **(24**) [98].Other examples of Fabaceae yielding antibacterial or antifungal organic polar or mid-polar extracts are- *Canavalia maritima* Thouars [99], the true mangrove tree *Cynometra iripa* Kostel. [100], *Cynometra* ramiflora Miq. [101], *Derris scandens* (Aubl.) Pittier [17], *Derris trifoliata* Lour. [102], *Inocarpus fagifer* (Parkinson) Fosb. [17], *Sindora siamensis* Teysm. ex Miq. [103], *Pongamia pinnata* (L.) Pierre [104], and *Cathormion umbellatum* (Vahl) Kosterm. [105]. *Plants in this family yield antibacterial and/or antifungal* isoflavonoids such as lupalbigenin (**25**) and derrisisoflavone A (**26**) from *Derris scandens* (Aubl.) Pittier [106–109] (Table S2) [107,109,110]. Other examples are santal (**27**), scandenin A (**28**) dalpanitin (**29**), vicenin 3 (**30**), derrisisoflavone C (**31**), and 5,7,4--trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (**32**) [107]. Organic and aqueous extracts in this family are often antiviral, as in *D. scandens* with HSV-1 (IC50: 60 μg/mL) PV and MV as well as *Cynometra ramiflora* Miq. with DV-2 [111], and *Derris trifoliata* Lour. with HIV [112,113]. As for antiviral principles, isoflavone deguelin (**33**) was active against HCMV [113,114] whereas rotenone (**34**) restrained HSV-1 and -2. *D. trifoliata* yields the strong antibacterial and anticandidal lupinifolin (**35**) (Table S2) [115–117]

*Order Fagales:* Organic polar and mid-polar extract of fruits and leaves of the tanniferous *Casuarina equisetifolia* L. (Casuarinaceae) are broadly antibacterial and antifungal [118–120].

*Order Rosales:* In the Moraceae, the methanol extract of the bark of *Ficus microcarpa* L.f. (40 μL of a 10 mg/mL solution on 6 mm disc) developed halos with *B. brevis*, *B. cereus*, *B. subtilis*, *E. coli*, and *A. polymorph* [121]. From this tree, the flavanols (+) (2*R*,3*S*) afzelechin (**36**) and (-)(2*R*,3*R*) epiafzelechin (**37**) weakly repressed HSV-1 (Table S2) [122].
