**Contents**



## *Editorial* **Preface of the 10th International Seminar of Veterinary Medicine: Camelids in Algeria and the Maghreb**

**Amira Leila Dib \* , Said Boukhechem, Hithem Bougherara and El-Hacene Bererhi**

Gestion Santé et Productions Animales Research Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires El- Khroub, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria; said.boukhechem@umc.edu.dz (S.B.); heithem1985@yahoo.fr (H.B.); brerhihacene@yahoo.fr (E.-H.B.) **\***

Correspondence: dib.amiraleila@umc.edu.dz

This book collects articles from the contributions presented at the 10th International Seminar of Veterinary Medicine: Camelids in Algeria and the Maghreb, held in Constantine, Algeria, at Université Frères Mentouri, Constantine 1, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, on 20–21 December 2022.

The history of the domestication of camelids remains poorly documented. Accordingly, in recent years, the dromedary has been the subject of particular research attention from the national and international authorities. This animal is the subject of capital importance and topicality in line with the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), established by the Member States of the United Nations and collated in the 2030 Agenda.

The objective of the seminar was to encourage the participation of several researchers, teachers and professionals from national and international countries who conduct research on camels to present and debate, in plenary and conference sessions, their recent findings concerning this emblematic species, which is represented by the dromedary. This includes the varied and vital roles it has played in the past and continues to play today, its socio-economic and ecological implications, and the enhancement and improvement of products obtained from this species such as meat and milk. As a final point, experts have recommended the creation of a national camel research community of comprising academics, investors, promoters and professionals, with the establishment of a Maghreb network bringing together all actors in the camel research sector to form a common database. This will help to coordinate research projects in Algeria and throughout the Maghreb; the establishment of stations, research centers and camel breeding in potential regions; the introduction of an intensive system in parallel with the extensive breeding system to improve the sustainability of camel breeding; the encouragemen<sup>t</sup> of scientific studies, in particular in genetics, which make it possible to determine camel breed standards in Algeria and to adopt the same nomenclature throughout the national territory and worldwide. It will also contribute to the identification and characterization of different types of camels in relation to their abilities; the promotion of camel products such as meat, milk, skin and hair; the dietary and therapeutic virtues of camel products; studies on feed and nutritional needs according to the evolution of livestock systems; and a focus on dromedary pathologies, in particular parasitic pathologies and screening for zoonotic diseases. This book concludes that the preservation and the development of are a high priority to strengthen the exchange of information between experts of camel research sector. We wish to acknowledge all the members of the Organization Committee, the support of all the participants and sponsors who enabled the organization of the 10th International Seminar of Medicine: Camelids in Algeria and the Maghreb, and the Scientific Committee that ensures the scientific quality of these papers.

**Citation:** Dib, A.L.; Boukhechem, S.; Bougherara, H.; Bererhi, E.-H. Preface of the 10th International Seminar of Veterinary Medicine: Camelids in Algeria and the Maghreb. *Biol. Life Sci. Forum* **2023**, *22*, 2. https:// doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022002

Published: 30 March 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

1

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

## *Editorial* **Statement of Peer Review**

**Amira Leila Dib \*, Said Boukhechem, Hithem Bougherara and El-Hacene Bererhi**

> Gestion Santé et Productions Animales Research Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires El Khroub, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Constantine 25000, Algeria; said.boukhechem@umc.edu.dz (S.B.); heithem1985@yahoo.fr (H.B.); brerhihacene@yahoo.fr (E.-H.B.) **\***

 Correspondence: dib.amiraleila@umc.edu.dz

In submitting conference proceedings to *Biology and Life Sciences Forum*, the volume editors of the proceedings certify to the publisher that all papers published in this volume have been subjected to their peer review. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to meet the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal.


**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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**Citation:** Dib, A.L.; Boukhechem, S.; Bougherara, H.; Bererhi, E.-H. Statement of Peer Review. *Biol. Life Sci. Forum* **2023**, *22*, 1. https:// doi.org/10.3390/blsf2023022001

Published: 29 March 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

#### *Proceeding Paper* **The Camel in Algeria: Animal of the Past, Present and Future: What Is the Scope of Farming Systems? †**

**Abdelhakim Senoussi \* , Aïcha Abazi, Saïd Bezziou and Zakaria Brahimi**

> Laboratoire de Recherche Bioressources Sahariennes: Préservation et Valorisation, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université Kasdi Merbah Ouargla, Ouargla 30000, Algeria; abaziab2015@gmail.com (A.A.); bezziou.said69@gmail.com (S.B.); zakaria.brahimi096@gmail.com (Z.B.)

**\*** Correspondence: senoussi.hakim@univ-ouargla.dz or senoussi.hakim@yahoo.fr

† Presented at the 10th International Seminar of Veterinary Medicine: Camelids in Algeria and Maghreb, Constantine, Algeria, 20–21 December 2022.

**Abstract:** In Algeria, the camel is one of the greatest riches and resource reservoirs of the Saharan territory. Compared to other farm animals, this species was relegated to the background, despite a past that testifies to a preponderant role in a hostile environment. Due to its legendary sobriety, it is the emblematic animal of the merchant caravan and is renowned for its versatility. It appears as an excellent means of locomotion, saddle, with interesting traction capacities in addition to being endowed with remarkable strength for plowing and the use of noria or delou. Today, the increase in numbers has been accompanied by changes in production systems, while the notable increase in the demand for camel products revealed by the socio-economic changes in nomadic communities, in terms of education and health, has contributed to modifying animal husbandry practices. Indeed, the emergence of new specialized camel systems has disrupted the habits that are now reflected in an increased interest in both the systems adopted and the products related to them. The future of the dromedary would be projected according to dimensions of renewal; the camel sector, local products, and camel services are many assets to consider. It is in this perspective that the present contribution, as a synthesis, attempts to highlight camel breeding in the Algerian Northern Sahara.

**Keywords:** Algeria; dromedary; livestock systems; vocation

## **1. Introduction**

The dromedary, without which the grea<sup>t</sup> nomadic civilizations could never have existed, occupies a predominant place in the economic and social life of the Saharan communities, which lived in harmony with their environment, ye<sup>t</sup> were characterized by extremely vigorous living conditions. The caravan ensured the transport of goods as well as that of intrepid travelers and pilgrims, hoping to find in the "oasis islands" something to quench their thirst, eat their fill, and recover their strength [1]. This livestock breeding, long considered a survival of a bygone era, is of definite ecological, economic, social, and cultural interest.

What significance should be attributed to camel breeding in Algeria in the third millennium? Because of its qualities as an ambulatory walker, its legendary sobriety, and its habit of making do with the poor fodder of the desert, the dromedary is the emblematic animal par excellence because of its robustness, productivity, and diligence, it demonstrates all the qualities of a multi-purpose animal. The threshold of the 2000s constitutes a new boom for this animal marked by a new fate of the adopted systems approaching more urban areas via new marketing channels [2].

It is through this dimension that the present synthesis highlights the scope of camel breeding in the Northern Sahara. The diversity of its populations, the increase in its numbers, and the camel vocations are combined with new systems and give rise to the

**Citation:** Senoussi, A.; Abazi, A.; Bezziou, S.; Brahimi, Z. The Camel in Algeria: Animal of the Past, Present and Future: What Is the Scope of Farming Systems? *Biol. Life Sci. Forum* **2023**, *22*, 3. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/blsf2023022003

Academic Editors: Amira Leila Dib, Said Boukhechem, Hithem Bougherara and El-Hacene Bererhi

Published: 30 March 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

emergence of camel sectors of commerce. Faced with climate change and food security challenges, Algeria should count on this species as an important part of its national economy.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

The method adopted highlights the camel system approach used in the Algerian Northern Sahara represented by regions of El-Oued, Ouargla, and Ghardaïa. Field surveys involving various stakeholders (camel drivers, producers, traders, and consumers) have made it possible to identify the trajectories and typology of livestock farming systems, their vocations, and the related sectors.

The objective of this study is to situate camel breeding practices.

#### **3. Results and Discussion**

Data mining and field investigations have enabled us to establish the following:

#### *3.1. Size of Camels*

Over a century, there was a sharp decline in population numbers, dropping from 260,000 heads in 1890 to 113,900 in 1988, while the decade that followed was marked by a jagged trajectory, reaching 154,310 heads in 1998 [3]. What can we learn from these fluctuations? The lack of interest in this species despite the boom in Saharan regions, but modernism deemed antinomic to dromedary [4].

At the dawn of the new millennium, a new impetus was given to camel breeding, with the number of camels increasing from 220,000 in 1999 to 435,214 in 2020 [3]. What can be deduced from this significant increase in the number of camels? The spatiotemporal anchoring of camel herds in and around urban centers as a result of the sedentarization of communities, the birth premium initiated through the National Fund for Agricultural Regulation and Development in 2000, and the increased demand for camel milk seem to be the main causes of the renewed interest in camel farming.

#### *3.2. Specialized Breeding Systems*

At present, in the Northern Sahara, where camel breeding is proving to be a booming business, reveals that livestock farms depend on a feeding system through which camel breeders adopt three distinct modes: grass-fed (Figure 1), stall-fed (Figure 2), or mixed. Each of the systems responds to specific functions, the analysis of which gave rise to four types of livestock farming according to their purpose: (i) dairy type, (ii) meat type, (iii) poly vocational type, and (iv) meharis for socio-cultural and sporting purposes.

**Figure 1.** Grazing Camel—Ghardaïa Region.

**Figure 2.** Tidjane Farm—El-Oued Region.

## *3.3. Multi-Purpose Camel*

It is through the grea<sup>t</sup> string of its products and services that new prospects for the camel sector are opening up. A range of functions could not exist without the presence of this animal, which, thanks to its polyfunctionality, renders enormous services to camel drivers whose lives are intimately linked to the animal [5]. Consequently, an arrangemen<sup>t</sup> of camel breeding to better increase its production can be considered in the immediate future [6].

## *3.4. Camel Industry*

Many products and by-products made from this animal can foster a real natural industry. Between meat and milk, camel hair is highly sought after for a range of textile products with strong cultural identities. Further, camel skin is also destined to develop a small industry [7]. Finally, the dung, characterized by a low nitrogen composition but rich in indigestible fibers, is suitable for processing into paper pulp [8].

## *3.5. Lucrative Uses*

Useful for many functions, the camel is now part of the daily life of Saharan societies thanks to its sporting performances as a racing animal (Méhari), cultural, as a chessboard of festive circumstances (contests and games) and tourist, as a walking tool (Figure 3).

**Figure 3.** Racing Camel—Ouargla Region.

## **4. Conclusions**

If sedentarization had made it possible to judiciously combine agricultural production and camel breeding by making the most of scarce resources (cultivable space and water points), then this association would be the culmination of a long process that has contributed to the intensification of its components. Validly, camel breeding systems are undergoing profound changes, moving from the grass system (divagation) to mixed systems (transhumant) to industrial forms (intensive), whose cameline sectors are beginning to organize themselves via promoting products with high economic value.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.S.; methodology, A.S., A.A., S.B. and Z.B.; software, A.S., A.A., S.B. and Z.B.; validation, A.S., A.A., S.B. and Z.B.; formal analysis, A.S., A.A., S.B., and Z.B.; investigation, A.A., S.B. and Z.B.; data curation, A.S., A.A., S.B. and Z.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S.; writing—review and editing, A.S.; visualization, A.S.; supervision, A.S.; project administration, A.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The works consulted are detailed in the bibliography.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
