*Article* **Accounting for Selection Bias and Redshift Evolution in GRB Radio Afterglow Data**

**Maria Dainotti 1,2,3,\* ,†, Delina Levine 4,†, Nissim Fraija <sup>5</sup> and Poonam Chandra <sup>6</sup>**


**Abstract:** Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) are highly energetic events that can be observed at extremely high redshift. However, inherent bias in GRB data due to selection effects and redshift evolution can significantly skew any subsequent analysis. We correct for important variables related to the GRB emission, such as the burst duration, *T* ∗ <sup>90</sup>, the prompt isotropic energy, *E*iso, the rest-frame end time of the plateau emission, *T* ∗ a,radio, and its correspondent luminosity *L*a,radio, for radio afterglow. In particular, we use the Efron–Petrosian method presented in 1992 for the correction of our variables of interest. Specifically, we correct *E*iso and *T* ∗ <sup>90</sup> for 80 GRBs, and *L*a,radio and *T* ∗ a,radio for a subsample of 18 GRBs that present a plateau-like flattening in their light curve. Upon application of this method, we find strong evolution with redshift in most variables, particularly in *L*a,radio, with values similar to those found in past and current literature in radio, X-ray and optical wavelengths, indicating that these variables are susceptible to observational bias. This analysis emphasizes the necessity of correcting observational data for evolutionary effects to obtain the intrinsic behavior of correlations to use them as discriminators among the most plausible theoretical models and as reliable cosmological tools.

**Keywords:** GRB; radio; redshift evolution
