**6. The Potential Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Microparticles in Inflammatory Joint Disease Therapy**

Immunomodulating properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are used in current studies of new therapeutic options in inflammatory joint diseases [85,86]. Cosenza et al. studied the delayed-T hypersensitivity model (DTH) and CIA and found MSCs-derived MPs administered parenterally to have an immunosuppressive effect by inhibiting T- and B-cell proliferation and inducing Treg cells [87]. Compared to MSC, MSCs-derived MPs were more effective in stimulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg and CD4+IL-10+ Tr1 in vitro. In the DTH model, MSCs-derived MPs proved to be more effective in inhibiting the inflammation than MSC, and they significantly inhibited the formation of erosions in the CIA model. In another paper, Cosenza et al. described the anti-inflammatory effect on macrophage maturation of MSCs-derived MPs with lower membranous expression of TNFα and higher expression of IL-10 [88]. Microparticles formed from adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) can inhibit in vitro the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines secreted by fibroblast-like synoviocytes [89] and also increase the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and collagen II in chondrocyte cultures [90].
