**3. Conclusions**

Cardiovascular disorders with their origin in childhood obesity have multiple medical, social, and economic consequences that might be incurable at a later stage. Thus, the only effective strategy seems to be prevention.

Preventive strategies should include entire families and start ideally before conception. Families with obese members likely share not only genetic risks but also environmental and lifestyle-related exposures. The increased risk of obesity starts as early as before and during pregnancy. The results of numerous clinical trials indicate the influence of parental health on the development of the fetus and the risk of obesity in childhood and adolescence, while obesity and related metabolic risk factors are tracked to adulthood and increase the cardiovascular risk in the general population. Recent studies proved the role of childhood obesity-connected dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinism, or hypertension on increased CV risk. Some new risk factors like maternal smoking, postnatal growth patterns, the impact of diet components on gene expression or fructose intake on uric acid level, are also important elements. As the role of diet is complex, restriction of consumption of highly processed foods should be promoted and consumption of natural or minimally processed foods should be encouraged. Personalized interventions in improving cardiorespiratory fitness are recommended.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/nu13114176/s1, Table S1: Evidence for tracking of CV risk factors from infancy and childhood to adulthood. Exemplary studies, reviews or meta-analyses are given for strength of evidence.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, D.D., J.A.-P., E.W. and E.L.; writing—original draft preparation, all authors; writing—review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This publication is based on the work of the COST Action HyperChildNET (CA19115), with the support of COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) and the Horizon 2020 Framework Program of the European Union.

Funded by the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme of the European Union

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
