**5. Conclusions**

Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the individuals with obesity in the absence of T2D were more rigid in their behavior and showed more compulsive personality traits than those with obesity plus T2D. On the other pole of impulsivity, we found that individuals with obesity in the presence of T2D were more impulsive in their decisions compared to healthy, normal-weight controls; this would allocate them to the impulsive pole of the impulsive–compulsive spectrum. If so, the tendency to make impulsive choices may be expected to negatively impact self-control and diabetes management. However, due to the lack of information about diabetic medication and diabetes duration, which affect insulin signaling in the brain, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further studies, controlling these variables, are needed to confirm the present findings.

Despite its exploratory nature, this study offers preliminary insights into the personality traits associated with the compulsivity–impulsivity spectrum in individuals with obesity in the presence or absence of T2D. For the health care provider, identifying and understanding the presence of personality traits that could act as a barrier to treatment adherence may improve the success rates of diabetes management and obesity weight loss treatments.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/nu13124426/s1: Table S1: comparison between the groups: ANCOVA adjusted for sex, age, education and BMI; Figure S1: line charts with the SCL-90R profile in the study (mean T-scores).

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization F.F.-A.; formal statistical analysis, R.G.; writing—original draft preparation, F.F.-A., G.T., B.M.-M., L.C.-B., I.L.; writing—review and editing, F.F.-A., G.T., B.M.-M., L.C.-B., R.G., I.L., Z.A., S.J.-M., R.B., C.B., V.B.-A., M.B., F.F.C., S.D., J.-M.F.-R., B.F., G.F., M.F., C.G.-M., X.P., G.P., F.J.T., R.d.l.T., J.S.-S., L.S.-M., S.V., T.W., F.F.-A. contributed substantially to the data recollection, interpretation of data, and have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This manuscript and research were supported by grants from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) (FIS PI14/00290, PI17/01167 and PI20/132) and (PI13/00462, PI16/00501, PI19/00576), by the SLT006/17/00246 grant, funded by the Department of Health of the Generalitat de Catalunya by the call "Acció instrumental de programes de recerca orientats en l'àmbit de la recerca i la innovació en salut" (PERIS) and co-funded by FEDER funds/European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), a way to build Europe. CIBERObn is an initiative of ISCIII. This research was also partially funded by EU-H2020 grants (Eat2beNICE/H2020-SFS-2016-2, Ref 728018; PRIME/H2020-SC1-BHC-2018-2020, Ref: 847879). CG-M receives a predoctoral grant from the University of Rovira i Virgili (2020PMF-PIPF-37). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** According to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki by the research ethics committees, all the participating institutions approved the study protocol and procedures (PR240/13; 2013/5276/I; 13-07-25/7proj2; PR307/06; 2010/3914/I; 111/2010).

**Informed Consent Statement:** All participants provided written informed consent.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Academia programme.

**Conflicts of Interest:** FFA received consultancy honoraria from Novo Nordisk and editorial honoraria as EIC from Wiley. BF received educational speaking fees from Medicine. The rest of the authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
