**5. Conclusions**

This is the first study to report the link between the low ghrelin concentrations (which is a well-known biomarker of risk in obesity) and high dispositional tendency to cognitively suppress internal signals of hunger, i.e., restraint eating, which is an eating style considered maladaptive and widely related to obesity across the lifespan. Expanding on previous research, our study indicates that dietary restraint, in addition to being an obesity-related eating style, is also a behavioral pattern of increased risk within the obesity spectrum.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., G.M., A.d.B., A.C.-R., E.C., Z.A., R.M.B. and J.Á.-P.; methodology, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., G.M., A.d.B., R.M.B., A.J.-M., A.I.R., G.B.-L. and J.Á.-P.; validation, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., G.M., A.d.B., R.M.B. and J.Á.-P.; formal analysis, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A. and J.N.-S.; investigation, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., A.d.B., F.P., A.J.-M., A.I.R., G.B.-L. and J.Á.-P.; resources, G.M., R.M.B. and J.Á.-P.; data curation, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., A.d.B., F.P., A.J.-M., A.I.R. and J.Á.-P.; writing—original draft preparation, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., A.d.B. and J.Á.-P.; writing—review and editing, L.D., J.N., M.F.-A., J.N.-S., G.M., A.d.B., R.M.B. and

J.Á.-P.; supervision, J.Á.-P., G.M. and R.M.B.; project administration, J.Á.-P., G.M., Z.A. and R.M.B.; funding acquisition, J.Á.-P., Z.A. and R.M.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain, through the EAT4HEALTHYLIFE project (Obesity and abnormal eating behavior across the lifespan. A cross sectional and longitudinal approach of environmental and neurobiological factors). In addition, L.D. and M.F.-A. are supported by their grants FPU18/01690 and FPU19/03720, respectively, funded by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación/Agencia Estatal de Investigación/10.13039/501100011033 and by "European Social Fund – Investing in your future".

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the General University Hospital Consortium of Valencia (CHGUV) (reference number: 4/2019) and the Research Ethics Committee of the Autonomous Community of Aragon (CEICA) (reference number: PI19/269).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Written informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study.

**Data Availability Statement:** The dataset generated and analyzed is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the families who kindly participated in the Eat4HealthyLife research project.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
