*2.2. Instruments*

To determine the BMI of the participants, we calculated their weight in kilograms and divided this by their height in m2. To determine the presence or absence of "binge eating" (not BED), we asked two questions from the EDEQ [51]: "Over the past 28 days, how many times have you eaten what other people would regards as an unusually large amount of food (given the circumstances)?"; and "On how many of these times did you have a sense of having lost control over your eating (at the time you were eating)?". Patients who reported eating unusually large amounts of food while losing control over their eating were considered to engage in binge eating.

Sensitivity to reward and punishment was measured utilizing the behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation system (BISBAS) scales [21]. The BISBAS scales consist of 20 4-point Likert scale items, ranging from 1 "I strongly agree" to 4 "I strongly disagree". The BIS scale assesses worry concerning potential punishment in the future (*n* = 7, α = 0.80 in the present study, e.g., "I worry about making mistakes."), and the BAS scale assesses sensitivity to reward (*n* = 13, α = 0.81). The BAS scale (disinhibition) exists of three subscales, measuring BAS drive (*n* = 4, α = 0.74, e.g., "When I want something, I usually go all-out to get it"), BAS fun seeking (*n* = 5, α = 0.52, e.g., "I often act on the spur of the moment"), and BAS reward responsiveness (*n* = 5, α = 0.61, e.g., "When I'm doing well at something, I love to keep at it").

Effortful/executive control was measured using the effortful control scale (ECS) from the adult temperament questionnaire short form (ATQ-SF) [40,41]. The ECS exists of 19 7 point Likert scale items, ranging from 1 "not at all applicable" to 7 "completely applicable" (α = 0.80 in the present study). The ECS has three subscales: attention control is the capacity to focus and shift attention when necessary (*n* = 5, α = 0.73, e.g., "It is very hard for me to focus my attention when I am distressed."(reversed)); inhibitory control is the capacity to suppress inappropriate approach behavior (*n* = 7, α = 0.54, e.g., "I can easily resist talking out of turn, even when I'm excited and want to express an idea."); and finally, activation control refers to the capacity to act when there is a strong tendency to avoid it (*n* = 7, α = 0.68, e.g., "If I think of something that needs to be done, I usually get right to work on it.").
