**Abbreviations**

MC3R: melanocortin 3 receptor, MC4R: melanocortin 4 receptor, aMSH: Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone, ARC: Arcuate nucleus, NPY: Neuropeptide Y, AgRP: Agouti-related peptide, POMC: Pro-opiomelanocortin, SNS: sympathetic nervous system, NO: Nitric oxide, ET: endothelin, VCAM-1: vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule 1, PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, TXA2: Thromboxane A2, IL: interleukin, CRP: c reactive protein, TNF: tumor necrosis factor, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, FFA: free fatty acids, Na: sodium, GFR: glomerular filtration rate, TMAO: Trimethylamine N-oxide, RAS: renin angiotensin system, SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids.
