*4.5. Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research*

Besides the strengths of our study, several limitations need to be discussed and addressed for future studies. First of all, our sample solely consists of female patients with ED/obesity, and healthy controls. Furthermore, we lack a group of outpatients with an ED, 'overweight' people, a group with Class I obesity ± BE, and a group of Class II/III obese patients ± BE who did not apply for bariatric surgery. Therefore, future studies certainly need to include male ED in/outpatients, HC, and overweight people, as well as Class I obese and Class II/III obese ± BE who do and do not seek bariatric surgery. Secondly, binge eating was assessed through two items of the EDE-Q. In future studies, it would be better to use the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-5 binge eating disorder to assess the presence or absence of a BED. Thirdly, all temperament dimensions are assessed by means of self-report questionnaires, which can lead to problems of social desirability, while a few subscales also have rather small internal consistency coefficients (e.g., the BAS fun seeking scale). Therefore, future studies could include interviews or performance-based measures to assess sensitivity to punishment/reward and effortful control [17]. Notwithstanding these limitations, this study is one of few studies which addressed reward and punishment sensitivity and (lack of) effortful control along the weight/eating disordered spectrum in women. Hence, the main finding of our study is that temperamental differences on these dimensions are continuous and gradual, which implies that clinicians should incorporate emotion regulation and impulse regulation training transdiagnostically when working with patients suffering from ED and obesity.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.C., G.K., and K.L.; methodology, L.C.; validation, L.C., G.K., and K.L.; formal analysis, L.C. and G.K.; investigation, E.B., L.D., E.D., S.G., and K.S.; resources, E.B., L.D., E.D., S.G., and K.S.; data curation, L.C.; writing—original draft preparation, L.C.; writing review and editing, L.C., G.K., E.B., L.D., E.D., S.G., K.S., and K.L.; visualization, L.C.; supervision, L.C. and K.L.; project administration, L.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Glenn Kiekens is supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from the Research Foundation Flanders (12ZZM21N).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven (09/02/2015: G-2015 02 172 (HC); 22/08/2018: G-2018 08 1312 (ED)) and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, KU Leuven (15/12/2016: S54997 (ML8926) (Obesity)).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** Data are available upon request at laurence.claes@kuleuven.be.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
