*2.1. Participants*

The present study sample included 985 participants, composed of adults randomly selected from the general population (*n* = 742) and a sample of patients undergoing treatment at mental health services (*n* = 243).

The 742 adults in the community sample were selected by stratified random sampling, proportionally represented in the Spanish population according to age group, gender, and geographic area. The inclusion criteria for the community sample were being over 18 years old and not presenting any diagnosis of mental disorder. The 243 patients in the sample were being treated in public mental health services in the province of Huelva (Spain). The inclusion criteria for the patient sample were being over 18 years old and undergoing treatment in the mental health services during data collection. The exclusion criteria for both samples (patients and community) were (1) having been diagnosed with a medical or psychological disorder that disqualified them from taking the tests; and (2) not signing the informed consent form.

Sociodemographic characteristics of the total sample are presented in Table 1. Of the sample, 49.7% (*n* = 490) were female, with an age range of 18 to 80 years ( *M* = 44.93; *SD* = 14.6). On the other hand, 24.26% of the sample met the diagnostic criteria for at least one mental disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5). Table 2 shows the frequency and proportion of diagnoses for the patient sample (*n* = 243) and the whole sample (*n* = 985), with depressive disorders (38.68%) and anxiety disorders (36.21%) being the most frequent.

**Table 1.** Sociodemographic characteristics of participants.


**Table 2.** Distribution of diagnoses in the patient sample.


## *2.2. Measures*

*The Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Short Form* -PID-5-SF- [21] in its Spanish version [22]. The PID-5-SF assesses the 25 personality facets identified in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorder (AMPD) of the DSM-5: Anhedonia, Anxiousness, Attention Seeking, Callousness, Deceitfulness, Depressivity, Distractibility, Eccentricity, Emotional Lability, Grandiosity, Hostility, Impulsivity, Intimacy Avoidance, Irresponsibility, Manipulativeness, Perceptual Dysregulation, Perseveration, Restricted Affectivity, Rigid Perfectionism, Risk Taking, Separation Insecurity, Submissiveness, Suspiciousness, Unusual Beliefs and Experiences, and Withdrawal. These facets are organized into five higher-order domains: Negative Affect, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. The 25 facets are assessed through 100 Likert-response format items (four items per facet) from 0 ("*very false or often false*") to 3 ("*very true or often true*"). Higher scores indicate a greater presence of the facets.

This instrument has shown adequate test–retest reliability and internal consistency. Likewise, according to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing [23], evidence has been provided on its internal structure and relationship with other variables [22].

For the sample used in this study, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient values above 80 were found for 14 of the 25 facets; another nine facets showed internal consistency values above 0.70, and only two facets presented internal consistency values below this value (Callousness: α = 0.69 and Irresponsibility: α = 0.63).

Spanish version of the *Substance Dependence Severity Scale -SDSS- for DSM-5* [24,25]: The SDSS consists of a semistructured interview designed to assess the severity of dependence on one or more substances [26]. This instrument evaluates the diagnostic criteria established in the DSM-5, using an evaluation timeframe of 30 days prior to the interview.

The Spanish version of the SDSS has shown evidence of good psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity [24,25]. In this study, only the items that operationalize the 11 diagnostic criteria of the AUD were administered, which were coded with the values 1 (presence) and 0 (absence). A reliability value (estimated through Cronbach's alpha) of 0.93 was obtained for the study sample.

In addition, questions were included on sociodemographic variables related to gender, age, educational level, and employment.
