*2.2. Participants*

For the current study, we included only patients admitted between 1 February 2019 to 30 June 2021 in specialized addiction services with dual pathology. Inclusion criteria were the following: (1) to be older than 18 years of age, (2) to have at least one diagnosis according to the International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) of an addictive disorder (cocaine, heroin, alcohol, cannabis, or pathological gambling) and another comorbid mental disorder, and (3) to have a clinical indication to receive coordinated care with mental health services.

The final sample consisted of 2785 patients diagnosed with an addictive disorder and another mental disorder according to ICD-10. In addition, all patients of the sample had therapeutic prescriptions to receive care in mental health services according to the Ries [40] classification. This is a dimensional model based on the severity of the addictive disorder and other mental disorders. Depending on the severity levels of these disorders, patients receive treatment exclusively in mental health (severe mental disorder and mild addictive disorder), in addiction centers (severe addictive disorder and mild mental disorder), or in both services in a coordinated manner (severe mental health and addictive disorder). All patients in this study received coordinated care between specialized addiction centers and mental health units in Andalusia [41]. These patients were admitted to treatment in one of the 121 outpatient centers of the Public Network for Addiction Care in Andalusia (Spain). Of the sample, 1576 (56.6%) were admitted during the year prior to confinement, 160 (5.7%) were admitted during confinement, and 1049 (37.7%) were admitted to treatment from the end of confinement until 06/30/2021.

Most patients were male (74.8%), with a mean age of 40.4 years (SD = 11.69) at the time of admission to treatment. Most patients had completed primary (37.6%) or secondary education (23.5%). Regarding employment status, 22.7% of the patients were employed, 44.9% were unemployed, 25% were retired, 3.7% were studying, and 3.7% were in an unknown employment situation.

According to ICD-10 criteria, 37.6% of the patients were diagnosed with alcohol dependence or harmful use, 33.6% with cocaine, 22.3% with cannabis, 16.3% with opiates, and 3.2 with hypnosedatives. In addition, 4.5% of the patients were admitted for pathological gambling. Excluding tobacco addiction, 13.9% of these patients were diagnosed with dependent or harmful use of more than one drug.
