**4. Sources and Management of ROS in** *Plasmodium***-Infected Erythrocytes under Steady State**

ROS arise from both the metabolism of the parasite and the host defense system [41]. In erythrocytic parasites, there are two important sources of ROS: the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the degradation of hemoglobin [24,42]. The involvement of the antioxidant machinery and the elimination of heme produced during the digestion of hemoglobin are the two strategies by which the parasite maintains its redox homeostasis (Table 1).


**Table 1.** Plasmodial heme elimination and antioxidant machinery.

H2O2: hydrogen peroxide, HRP: histidine-rich protein, HDP: heme detoxification protein, SOD: superoxide dismutase, Trx: thioredoxin, Prx: peroxiredoxin, GSH: reduced glutathione, Vit B6: vitamin B6, FV: food vacuole [43–50].
