2.2.5. Methodology to Calculate Global Warming Potential (kg CO2-eq) of Concrete Mixes

In this study, the GWP of all concrete mixes was calculated as equivalent to kg CO2 (CO2-eq) emissions using the green concrete LCA tool. This tool is typically designed to calculate the environmental impact of concrete, its constituent materials (including cement, aggregates, admixtures, and SCMs), and consumption of fuels and water. The environmental carbon footprint effect of all the seven concrete mixes used in this study was evaluated [49]. The study focuses on the major processes associated with raw materials extraction and production. A summary of the assumptions used for the different production technologies, geographic locations, distances, modes of transport, and material types is given in Table 4. Table 5 shows the percentages of power sources in the local electricity grid mix [50].


**Table 4.** Assumptions used in LCA calculations.

**Table 5.** Electricity grid mix percentage for Pakistan [50].

