3.5.4. Threats

Various potential barriers that may restrict date palm derived biochar-concrete commercialisation of biochar-concrete are listed in Table 2. Although biochar-concrete knowledge is progressively expanding, biochar production's cost and engineering shortcoming is still challenging. Biochar production is an energy-intensive process that may increase biochar cost compared to cement. Therefore, an efficient design for biochar production is needed, which is economically feasible, improves biochar quality, and reduces net greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, extensive research and development are required to identify sustainable and cost-efficient alternative production approaches to mitigate energy use. The new techniques would ensure biochar strength and market potential as sustainable future materials in the concrete industry.
