*5.1. Strength Properties*

Waste wood ash is an easily available agricultural discarded material that enhances the workability, quality of microstructure, and improves the strength characteristics of concrete samples. The key characteristics of concrete can be enhanced, and most importantly, the time for hydration is reduced due to the pozzolanic effect [70]. The distinct proportioning of the mix can be achieved by substituting cement with waste wood ash and slag and other supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). The different characteristics of concrete from the previous literature that were assessed through different forms of strength and durability testing are presented in Table 3.

The properties of various mixes have been studied with different water to binder ratios. The optimal dose was 20% WWA with rice husk ash, which improved the compression strength significantly and also showed enhanced durability [73]. Because of the low amount of silica in waste wood ash, a low water to cement ratio of 0.4 was selected. Ramos et al. noted that waste wood ash seemed a potential fractional substitute pozzolanic material for cement because it improves strength and durability characteristics and also assists in making concrete sustainable [68].



**Table3.**Influenceofwastewoodashonthecharacteristicsofconcrete.


