Utility function to display a result
def display(v,label):
print( "{}: {}".format(label,v) )
for l,u in rp.budget(v,trim=0):
print( "{}: {}".format(l,u) )
```

```
display(V_10,"V_10")
```
The function display() prints the measured value and a standard uncertainty in parentheses, followed by a list of components of uncertainty in order of magnitude. The label for each component is shown on the left and the magnitude of the component of uncertainty on the right. The two most significant figures of standard uncertainty are shown. Here, *V*<sup>10</sup> has a measured value of 0.1258 volts and a standard uncertainty of 0.0050 volts.

V\_10: 0.1258(50) E\_off: 0.005 E\_rel: 0.00010067280000000002 E\_rnd\_1: 0.0001

Note that the dominant component of uncertainty is associated with the approximation made for systematic offset error *E*off. Very similar results are obtained for *V*<sup>20</sup> and *V*30.

Other circuit properties can be calculated too. For example, the potential difference across resistor 2 can be found by taking the difference between V\_20 and V\_10. Subtracting those uncertain numbers in the argument, display(V\_20-V\_10,"V\_20-V\_10") yields the following.

```
V_20-V_10: 0.25973(25)
E_rel: 0.00020778240000000003
E_rnd_1: 0.0001
E_rnd_2: 0.0001
E_off: 0.0
```
This is an interesting result, which illustrates the detailed underlying calculation of uncertainty that is performed automatically. The standard uncertainty in the difference here is only 0.000 25 V—significantly less than the standard uncertainty in the individual measurements (both 0.0050 V). The uncertainty in this voltage difference is lower because it is insensitive to the offset *E*off (the offset is exactly the same in both readings). The display of components of uncertainty shows that the sensitivity to *E*off has been reduced to zero and that the influence of *E*rel is now dominant. We might also expect a smaller contribution to uncertainty to come from relative systematic error *E*rel. However, that component varies in proportion to the applied voltage (it is a systematic relative error), and since *v*<sup>20</sup> is about three times larger than *v*10, the contribution to uncertainty from *E*rel is still about two times larger than it was in the direct measurement of *V*10.
