Default characteristics for 1 V scale
u_off=5E-3,
u_rel=8E-4,
u_rnd=1E-4
):
self.u_rnd = u_rnd
self.E_off = ureal(0.0,u_off,label="E_off")
```

```
self.E_rel = ureal(0.0,u_rel,label="E_rel")
def applied_voltage(self,v,index):
E_rnd = ureal(0,self.u_rnd,label="E_rnd_{}".format(index))
V = v*(1 - self.E_rel) - self.E_off - E_rnd
return V
```
The applied\_voltage() method implements the model Equation (8). It returns an uncertain number for the applied voltage corresponding to a displayed value, v (the second argument, index, is used to create a label for the elementary uncertain number, E\_rnd, which is associated with random noise). In the code below, the uncertain numbers V\_10, V\_20 and V\_30 are obtained from measurements of *V*10, *V*20, and *V*30.

```