*5.2. Measurement Model Results*

We measured the quality of the model by assessing the composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), discriminant validity, and outer loading. As shown in Table 1, the CR and Cronbach's alpha for all the variables exceeded 0.7, indicating that the internal consistency of the data in this study was satisfactory. The AVEs for the variables were all greater than 0.5, while the outer loading exceeded 0.7, indicating that the convergent validity of the data in this study was satisfactory [53].


**Table 1.** Reliability and validity of constructs.

Abbreviations: CTO—COVID-19 Tracking App Overuse; ACS—Awareness of Consequences; ARE—Ascription of Responsibility; PLI—Perceived Life Inconvenience; PNO—Personal Norm; CRC—Continue to Cooperate Intention to Prevent COVID-19.

We determined the discriminant validity using both Fornell and Larcker's test and the heterotrait–monotrait ratio (HTMT) test. As shown in Table 2, the square root of each variable's AVE is greater than the correlation with other variables [53]. The HTMT values were also all below 0.85. Therefore, the discriminant validity of this study is in accordance with the requirements [53].

**Table 2.** Discriminant validity.



**Table 2.** *Cont.*

Abbreviations: CTO—COVID-19 Tracking App Overuse; ACS—Awareness of Consequences; ARE—Ascription of Responsibility; PLI—Perceived Life Inconvenience; PNO—Personal Norm; CRC—Continue to Cooperate Intention to Prevent COVID-19.
