**H1a.** *The overuse of DCTAs positively affects people's awareness of the consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic*.

Monitoring and responsibility are closely related. A study suggests that parental monitoring activities can trigger students' responsibility for learning [45]. It has also been noted that employee monitoring creates a sense of responsibility in managers [46]. In the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the application of DCTAs can monitor the trajectory of each person's action, while the government can be precisely responsible in the event of any trouble. A DCTA also serves an advocacy function that can remind people to take responsibility for their families and communities [16]. Thus, the overuse of a DCTA can leave users in constant fear of being held responsible if their actions have caused the spread of a virus. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:
