*Opinion* **The Chatbots Are Invading Us: A Map Point on the Evolution, Applications, Opportunities, and Emerging Problems in the** *Health Domain*

**Daniele Giansanti**

Centre Tisp, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy; daniele.giansanti@iss.it; Tel.: +39-06-49902701

**Abstract:** The inclusion of chatbots is potentially disruptive in society, introducing opportunities, but also important implications that need to be addressed on different domains. The aim of this *study* is to examine chatbots in-depth, by mapping out their technological evolution, current usage, and potential applications, opportunities, and emerging problems within the *health domain*. The study examined three *points of view*. The *first point of view* traces the technological evolution of chatbots. The *second point of view* reports the fields of application of the chatbots, giving space to the expectations of use and the expected benefits from a cross-domain point of view, also affecting the *health domain.* The *third and main point of view* is that of the analysis of the state of use of chatbots in the health domain based on the scientific literature represented by systematic reviews. The overview identified the topics of greatest interest with the opportunities. The analysis revealed the need for initiatives that simultaneously evaluate multiple domains all together in a synergistic way. Concerted efforts to achieve this are recommended. It is also believed to monitor both the process of osmosis between other sectors and the *health domain*, as well as the chatbots that can create psychological and behavioural problems with an impact on the *health domain.*

**Keywords:** chatbot; health; health domain; artificial intelligence

**Citation:** Giansanti, D.

The Chatbots Are Invading Us: A Map Point on the Evolution, Applications, Opportunities, and Emerging Problems in the *Health Domain*. *Life* **2023**, *13*, 1130. https://doi.org/10.3390 /life13051130

Academic Editor: Tao Huang

Received: 29 March 2023 Revised: 26 April 2023 Accepted: 27 April 2023 Published: 5 May 2023

**Copyright:** © 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).
