*3.2. Other Strategies and Campaigns*

Most countries in the world disseminated information and prevention campaigns for COVID-19 through official statements and other mass media. In Spain, the national government developed four population campaigns exclusively on the internet in order to fight against the spread of the pandemic, reinforcing individual security measures and community action [38,39]. The campaigns were disseminated via Twitter, and the analysis of their design and implementation allowed some interesting conclusions to be drawn. Although the campaigns promoted the dissemination of health security measures, they did not serve to encourage debate and interaction between governments/public institutions and citizens [39]. In addition, the campaigns generated polar responses, with very positive visions that were faced with other very negative ones, which did not help to improve union and community action [38]. However, a similar campaign carried out in Italy through Facebook, the #I-am-engaged campaign, was built around a community perspective, with a participatory process that favored co-creation among peers. In addition, the campaign adopted a positive tone of voice by focusing on the promotion of good practices [40]. In these respects, the Italian campaign was similar to the "Understanding COVID" campaign, although the latter included a wide range of actions to be carried out beyond the digital world on the basis of trying to reach as many vulnerable people as possible.

Other campaigns carried out in various countries also tried to address the vulnerable population. For example, in the USA, an alliance of institutions launched a multifaceted national campaign whose objective was to increase confidence in vaccines and decrease misinformation within Hispanic communities. They successfully used social networks, webinars, radio and newsletters, with the participation of volunteers, key people for the Hispanic community and influencers [41]. In Maryland (USA), another regional campaign was developed through social networks and a web page to promote testing for COVID-19 and acceptance of the vaccine among Latinos with limited English proficiency [42]. Also, in the USA, campaigns were created on social networks to promote scientific information on the risks of COVID-19 in pregnancy and the benefits of vaccination, such as the "One Vax Two Lives" campaign in Seattle [43]. In Sydney, Australia, there were also efforts to engage culturally and linguistically diverse communities in the effective and appropriate public health response to COVID-19 [44]. A novel and rapid inter-agency campaign was established that included tailored public education and testing, the establishment of a local clinic, and inspections of local businesses to achieve a safe environment.
