*Article* **The Impact of Digital Contact Tracing Apps Overuse on Prevention of COVID-19: A Normative Activation Model Perspective**

**Junwei Cao <sup>1</sup> , Dong Liu 2,\* , Guihua Zhang <sup>3</sup> and Meng Shang 4,\***

<sup>2</sup> Department of Global Business, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea

<sup>3</sup> Department of Business, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea

<sup>4</sup> School of Flight, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang 455008, China

**\*** Correspondence: bruceliu@yu.ac.kr (D.L.); shangmengdr@163.com (M.S.)

**Abstract:** During the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have used digital contact tracing apps (DCTAs) to implement contact tracing. Although the use of DCTAs has contributed to the prevention and control of COVID-19, there are doubts in academia about their actual effectiveness. In this study, the role of DCTAs in the prevention of COVID-19 was analyzed in terms of both the responsibility and inconvenience to life in a large-scale DCTA overuse environment, based on the normative activation model. The findings suggest that the overuse of a DCTA activates people's personal norms by triggering awareness of the consequences and ascription of responsibility, leading people to consistently cooperate with the government to prevent COVID-19. However, the inconvenience of living with DCTA overuse weakens the effect of the awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility and the role of the ascription of responsibility in influencing personal norms. These effects may bear on people's willingness to consistently cooperate with the government to prevent COVID-19. The results of this study confirm the effectiveness of DCTA in counteracting pandemics from a social responsibility perspective in a large-scale environment where DCTA is used, enriching the literature on DCTA research in the COVID-19 pandemic. The results of this study can also help governments develop and improve policies to prevent COVID-19, as well as improve the DCTAs' operating patterns.

**Keywords:** digital contact tracing; normative activation model; COVID-19 prevention; prevention intention
