**H1b.** *The overuse of DCTAs positively affects people's ascription of responsibility during the COVID-19 pandemic*.

The overuse of technology often has a negative impact [28]. A DCTA, a new technology arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, has been shown to create concerns about privacy, stigmatization, being mis-targeted, and data misuse [8,16,18]. Studies have pointed to concerns about the lack of transparency in the operations of DCTAs, the scope of data storage, the inability to change incorrect "red" codes (representing health risks), the overreliance on the internet, and the reliance on private companies, such as Alipay and WeChat, to monitor their travel routes [8]. In addition, the overuse of a DCTA can lead to a need for people to present and register their travel tracks at any place, while individuals are often inconvenienced by the rapid changes in the epidemic and the inaccuracy of clients' location displays for daily life. Therefore, the following hypothesis is proposed:
