**3. Case Study**

Israel has thirteen different drainage and river authorities, each responsible for streams and rivers in a different part of the country. Among their many duties, these authorities are also responsible for rehabilitating the rivers and streams and adapting them for leisure and recreational purposes [21]. Each authority is independent and relatively small (staffed with less than ten people). One of these authorities is the Yarqon River Authority (YRA), responsible for the Yarqon stream [22]. The Yarqon is a lowland coastal stream, about 28 km long, in central Israel that flows between a mix of agricultural fields and urban areas, ending in an estuary connected to the Mediterranean Sea, as shown in Figure 5. While the historical flow of the stream originated in natural springs, over the years, due to over-exploitation of the aquifer, the natural springs dried out [23]. Today, there are two different water sources for the stream: (1) Pumps supplying water from lower depths in the aquifer for the upstream part instead of the springs that dried out; (2) There are three different Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) which discharge tertiary treated water in two locations in the middle section of the stream [23]. In order to promote preservation and recovery efforts, the YRA works with 18 different stakeholders [22], which poses a significant obstacle to reaching a consensus on rehabilitation efforts. We set out to show how a water quality EDSS as a service can serve as a solution for the YRA in its efforts to rehabilitate the stream.

**Figure 5.** Study area map. (A) Source of the stream, from aquifer water pumps. (B) Discharge points of two WWTP. (C) Discharge point of a third WWTP. Note: background map is adapted from "Michelin maps".
