**3. Training Adaptations**

The majority of research looking at pre-exercise nutrition interventions has been in relation to a single exercise session, with far fewer studies looking at the impact on training adaptations. This is relevant because acute responses to exercise do not always correspond with long-term adaptations. For example, increased fat oxidation observed when training with low vs. high CHO availability does not translate into longer-term increases in fat-burning capacity [141,142]. Likewise, blunting key mitochondrial signaling proteins with CHO ingestion during acute exercise did not impair training-induced improvements in performance or mitochondrial biogenesis [81,94]. Therefore, it is

important to understand the changes that occur with chronic training rather than an acute bout of exercise alone.
