**7. Conclusions**

According to the available information, creatine has antioxidant properties and can be effective through direct and indirect mechanisms. It has a positive effect on oxidative stress and reduces ROS. Creatine can maintain mitochondrial integrity, increase CrP resources, act as a cellular energy buffer, and protect two important cellular targets, mtDNA and RNA, from oxidative damage. In addition, the antioxidant properties of creatine may be related to its constituents (arginine, glycine and methionine) (Figure 3). It seems that creatine consumption combined with long-term training could possibly reduce oxidative stress and improve the antioxidant system. Creatine supplement consumption possibly has a synergistic effect with training, but the intensity and duration of training and supplementation period can play an important role in the antioxidant activity. Not much research has been conducted on the effects of creatine consumption along with long-term and short-term exercise on oxidative stress; therefore, for more accurate conclusions, more research is needed in this field.

**Author Contributions:** The authors' contributions were as follows: H.A. designed the review. H.A., E.E. and K.S. wrote the review. Additionally, all of them read and approved the final manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was supported by the Scientific Research (A) (20H00574) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
