2.5.2. Condensed Liquid Characterization

A visually brown liquid was produced from gasification of Napier grass. Prior to characterization, the brown liquid was decanted and diluted with dichloromethane solvent (99.8%) at a volume ratio of 1:1. The mixed solvent and brown liquid product were then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 5 min by using the Hettich EBA 21 Centrifuge (Tuttlingen, Germany) to separate the organic phase from aqueous phase and char traces. The upper layer of the solution (bio-oil and solvent) was extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS model QP2010 Plus SHIMADZU, Japan) equipped with a Zebron ZB-5MS capillary column (30 m long, 0.25 mm inner diameter and 0.25 μm thick). The injection and detector temperatures were set at 250 ◦C and 200 ◦C respectively. The flow rate of the carrier gas, He, was 1.0 mL/min.

## 2.5.3. Analysis of Inorganic Compounds in Ash

The inorganic compounds in the Napier grass ash were analyzed by using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (model SHIMADZU EDX-720, Japan).

## **3. Results and Discussion**
