*Article* **Carbonized Solid Fuel Production from Polylactic Acid and Paper Waste Due to Torrefaction**

**Kacper Swiechowski ´ 1,\*, Christian Zafiu <sup>2</sup> and Andrzej Białowiec <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** The quantity of biodegradable plastics is increasing steadily and taking a larger share in the residual waste stream. As the calorific value of biodegradable plastic is almost two-fold lower than that of conventional ones, its increasing quantity decreases the overall calorific value of municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuel which is used as feedstock for cement and incineration plants. For that reason, in this work, the torrefaction of biodegradable waste, polylactic acid (PLA), and paper was performed for carbonized solid fuel (CSF) production. In this work, we determined the process yields, fuel properties, process kinetics, theoretical energy, and mass balance. We show that the calorific value of PLA cannot be improved by torrefaction, and that the process cannot be self-sufficient, while the calorific value of paper can be improved up to 10% by the same process. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PLA decomposes in one stage at ~290–400 ◦C with a maximum peak at 367 ◦C, following a 0.42 reaction order with the activation energy of 160.05 kJ·(mol·K)<sup>−</sup>1.

**Keywords:** torrefaction; solid fuel; waste to carbon; circular economy; biodegradable materials; calorific value
