*2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria*

Initially, 52 patients aged between 15–57 years who presented with chronic apical periodontitis of single-rooted anterior teeth, characterized radiographically as radiolucency greater than 4 mm around the root apex with loss of lamina dura and periodontal ligament space due to incompletely attempted or previously failed root canal treatment or periapical lesion around an open root apex in the tooth, where root formation was halted prematurely due to trauma, were enrolled in this study. Medically compromised patients with any uncontrolled systemic disease (ASA III), patients with pre-existing periodontal disease or patients in whom the lesion was smaller than 4 mm, multirooted teeth, teeth with cracks and root fractures, pregnant or lactating women and patients who did not turn up for follow-up visits were excluded from this study.
