4.1.1. Structure Optimization

To address the problems of ecological imbalance, food-chain disruption, and multiple functions in grassland ecosystems, we investigate the interactions between population dynamics and community properties through synergistic intra- and inter-species differences and spatial landscape-scale differences, determine the mechanisms and effects of biodiversity on the stability of ecosystem functions, and clarify the overall operation of ecosystems [27].

To address the problem of the relatively homogeneous grassland-ecosystem structure, this study suggests exploring the maintenance mechanisms of grassland-species allocation and stability; combining the heterogeneity of grassland functions and spatial patterns; performing a comprehensive assessment of grasslands in terms of local stand conditions, climatic habitats, plant functional traits, and other conditions; and targeting the selection of grass species with high adaptability and resistance to stress for mixed seeding [228].

To address the problem of the optimal configuration of grassland ecological structure, different grassland management measures can be combined to form an efficient and integrated management system by organically combining biological, engineering and management aspects to promote the sustainable development of grassland ecological animal husbandry. For example, scientific methods such as rotational grazing, rest grazing and limited-term enclosure, and the use of artificially planted forage instead of grazing. Sustainable grazing management in adaptive multiple paddocks (AMP) can be employed to incorporate forage and ruminants into regeneration-management planting systems to strengthen the productivity, stability and resilience of agroecosystems and, thus, improve ecosystem service capacity.

#### 4.1.2. Stability Improvement

The issue of the low stability of grassland ecosystems, can be explored through the mechanisms regulating the stability of grassland ecosystems, identify and quantify the factors affecting the stability of grassland ecosystems, select grass species suitable for local conditions, increase the diversity of grassland species, improve the resilience of grassland ecosystems, enhance ecological stability, and further promote the process of grassland ecological restoration, so as to reduce the ecological vulnerability of grassland and enhance the resilience and stability of grassland ecosystems [229].

To deal with the problem that the ecological stability index system and evaluation model have not been unified, it is necessary to establish and standardize the selection criteria of ecological stability evaluation indexes based on the analysis and summary of ecological stability research results, to select methods according to the basic attributes of grassland ecosystems, especially the key variables of ecosystem processes and functions, and to consider the validity, sensitivity and operability of alternative indexes. The evaluation indexes are selected using the expert consultation method, the evaluation index weights are determined using the hierarchical analysis method, and the mathematical model is constructed to specify them and quantify the factor percentages [230], so as to build a scientific grassland-ecosystem stability evaluation index system and promote the sustainable development of the system [231].

#### 4.1.3. Interaction between Structure and Stability

To address the problem of unclear relationships between the structure and stability of grassland ecosystems, study is based on the idea of "structure-process-function-services", to strengthen the material cycle, energy flow and information transfer process of producerconsumer-decomposer in grassland ecosystems, to clarify the relationship between grassland species allocation and productivity and stability, and to clarify the response mode of structure and stability. It has been suggested that structure can directly alter the biodiversity of grassland ecosystems and further alter the stability of grassland ecosystems [232]. Therefore, the relationship between structure and stability can be explored through the medium of biodiversity.

To address the problem of single research methods (e.g., field surveys, field experiments) or models (statistics, modeling) for the structure and stability of grassland ecosystems, remote-sensing research into the process of interannual or monthly changes in

grassland landscape patterns can be employed, combined with indoor experiments, field surveys, and field trials for comparative assessment [233,234].
